- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/A+A/588/A29
- Title:
- Star formation in massive clumps in Milky Way
- Short Name:
- J/A+A/588/A29
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- Newborn stars form within the localized, high density regions of molecular clouds. The sequence and rate at which stars form in dense clumps and the dependence on local and global environments are key factors in developing descriptions of stellar production in galaxies. We seek to observationally constrain the rate and latency of star formation in dense massive clumps that are distributed throughout the Galaxy and to compare these results to proposed prescriptions for stellar production. A sample of 24 micron based Class I protostars are linked to dust clumps that are embedded within molecular clouds selected from the APEX Telescope Large Area Survey of the Galaxy. We determine the fraction of star-forming clumps that imposes a constraint on the latency of star formation in units of a clump's lifetime. Protostellar masses are estimated from models of circumstellar environments of young stellar objects from which star formation rates are derived. Physical properties of the clumps are calculated from 870 micron dust continuum emission and NH_3_ line emission. Linear correlations are identified between the star formation rate surface density, Sigma_SFR and the quantities Sigma_H2/tau_ff and Sigma_H2/tau_cross, suggesting that star formation is regulated at the local scales of molecular clouds. The measured fraction of star forming clumps is 23%. Accounting for star formation within clumps that are excluded from our sample due to 24 micron saturation, this fraction can be as high as 31%, which is similar to previous results. Dense, massive clumps form primarily low mass (<1-2M_{sun}_) stars with emergent 24 micron fluxes below our sensitivity limit or are incapable of forming any stars for the initial 70% of their lifetimes. The low fraction of star forming clumps in the Galactic center relative to those located in the disk of the Milky Way is verified.
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- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/AJ/153/214
- Title:
- Star-forming potential in the Perseus complex
- Short Name:
- J/AJ/153/214
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- We present the results of our investigation of the star-forming potential in the Perseus star-forming complex. We build on previous starless core, protostellar core, and young stellar object (YSO) catalogs from Spitzer (3.6-70 {mu}m), Herschel (70-500 {mu}m), and SCUBA (850 {mu}m) observations in the literature. We place the cores and YSOs within seven star-forming clumps based on column densities greater than 5x10^21^/cm^2^. We calculate the mean density and free-fall time for 69 starless cores as ~5.55x10^-19^ g/cm^3^ and ~0.1 Myr, respectively, and we estimate the star formation rate for the near future as ~150 M_{sun}_/Myr. According to Bonnor-Ebert stability analysis, we find that majority of starless cores in Perseus are unstable. Broadly, these cores can collapse to form the next generation of stars. We found a relation between starless cores and YSOs, where the numbers of young protostars (Class 0 + Class I) are similar to the numbers of starless cores. This similarity, which shows a one-to-one relation, suggests that these starless cores may form the next generation of stars with approximately the same formation rate as the current generation, as identified by the Class 0 and Class I protostars. It follows that if such a relation between starless cores and any YSO stage exists, the SFR values of these two populations must be nearly constant. In brief, we propose that this one-to-one relation is an important factor in better understanding the star formation process within a cloud.
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/A+A/638/A76
- Title:
- StarHorse data for 5 surveys
- Short Name:
- J/A+A/638/A76
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- We combine high-resolution spectroscopic data from APOGEE-2 survey Data Release 16 (DR16) with broad-band photometric data from several sources, as well as parallaxes from Gaia Data Release 2 (DR2). Using the Bayesian isochrone-fitting code StarHorse, we derive distances, extinctions and astrophysical parameters for around 388,815 APOGEE stars, achieving typical distance uncertainties of 6% for APOGEE giants, 2% for APOGEE dwarfs, as well as extinction uncertainties of 0.07mag when all photometric information is available, and 0.17mag if optical photometry is missing. StarHorse uncertainties vary with the input spectroscopic catalogue, with the available photometry, and with the parallax uncertainties. To illustrate the impact of our results, we show that, thanks to Gaia DR2 and the now larger sky coverage of APOGEE-2 (including APOGEE-South), we obtain an extended map of the Galactic plane, providing an unprecedented coverage of the disk close to the Galactic mid-plane (|ZGal|<1kpc) from the Galactic Centre out to RGal 20 kpc. The improvements in statistics as well as distance and extinction uncertainties unveil the presence of the bar in stellar density, as well as the striking chemical duality in the innermost regions of the disk, now clearly extending to the inner bulge. We complement this paper with distances and extinctions for stars in other public released spectroscopic surveys: 324,999 in GALAH DR2, 4,928,715 in LAMOST DR5, 408,894 in RAVE DR6, and 6,095 in GES DR3.
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/ApJ/693/507
- Title:
- Stars of Lyman break galaxies at z~5
- Short Name:
- J/ApJ/693/507
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- We present the results of spectral energy distribution (SED) fitting analysis for Lyman break galaxies (LBGs) at z~5 in the Great Observatories Origins Deep Survey North (GOODS-N) and its flanking fields (the GOODS-FF). With the publicly available Infrared Array Camera (IRAC) images in the GOODS-N and IRAC data in the GOODS-FF, we constructed the rest-frame UV to optical SEDs for a large sample (~100) of UV-selected galaxies at z~5. Comparing the observed SEDs with model SEDs generated with a population synthesis code, we derived a best-fit set of parameters (stellar mass, age, color excess, and star formation rate) for each of the sample LBGs. The derived stellar masses range from 10^8^ to 10^11^M_{sun}_ with a median value of 4.1x10^9^M_{sun}_.
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/ApJ/765/126
- Title:
- Star spot models for M-dwarfs in NGC 2516
- Short Name:
- J/ApJ/765/126
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- By combining rotation periods with spectroscopic determinations of projected rotation velocity, Jackson et al. (2009MNRAS.399L..89J) have found that the mean radii for low-mass M-dwarfs in the young, open cluster NGC 2516 are larger than model predictions at a given absolute I magnitude or I-K color and also larger than measured radii of magnetically inactive M-dwarfs. The relative radius difference is correlated with magnitude, increasing from a few percent at M_I_=7 to greater than 50% for the lowest luminosity stars in their sample at M_I_~9.5. Jackson et al. have suggested that a two-temperature star spot model is capable of explaining the observations, but their model requires spot coverage fractions of at least 50% in rapidly rotating M-dwarfs. Here we examine these results in terms of stellar models that include the inhibiting effects of magnetic fields on convective energy transport, with and without the effects of star spots. We find that a pure spot model is inconsistent with the color-magnitude diagram. The observations of radii versus color and radii versus absolute magnitude in NGC 2516 are consistent with models which include only magnetic inhibition or a combination of magnetic inhibition and spots. At a given mass we find a large dispersion in the strength of the vertical component of the magnetic field in the stellar photosphere but the general trend is that the vertical field increases with decreasing mass from a few hundred Gauss at 0.65M_{sun}_ to 600-900G, depending on spot coverage, in the lowest mass stars in the sample at 0.25M_{sun}_.
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/MNRAS/474/5158
- Title:
- Stars with hot Jupiter exoplanets
- Short Name:
- J/MNRAS/474/5158
- Date:
- 07 Dec 2021 00:40:26
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- We present a grid of forward model transmission spectra, adopting an isothermal temperature-pressure profile, alongside corresponding equilibrium chemical abundances for 117 observationally significant hot exoplanets (equilibrium temperatures of 547-2710K). This model grid has been developed using a 1D radiative-convective-chemical equilibrium model termed ATMO, with up-to-date high-temperature opacities. We present an interpretation of observations of 10 exoplanets, including best-fitting parameters and {chi}^2^ maps. In agreement with previous works, we find a continuum from clear to hazy/cloudy atmospheres for this sample of hot Jupiters. The data for all the 10 planets are consistent with subsolar to solar C/O ratio, 0.005 to 10 times solar metallicity and water rather than methane-dominated infrared spectra. We then explore the range of simulated atmospheric spectra for different exoplanets, based on characteristics such as temperature, metallicity, C/O ratio, haziness and cloudiness. We find a transition value for the metallicity between 10 and 50 times solar, which leads to substantial changes in the transmission spectra. We also find a transition value of C/O ratio, from water to carbon species dominated infrared spectra, as found by previous works, revealing a temperature dependence of this transition point ranging from ~0.56 to ~1-1.3 for equilibrium temperatures from ~900 to ~2600K. We highlight the potential of the spectral features of HCN and C2H2 to constrain the metallicities and C/O ratios of planets, using James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) observations. Finally, our entire grid (~460000 simulations) is publicly available and can be used directly with the JWST simulator PandExo for planning observations.
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/AJ/160/214
- Title:
- 130 Stellar ages & planetary orbital properties
- Short Name:
- J/AJ/160/214
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- Many exoplanets have orbital characteristics quite different from those seen in our own solar system, including planets locked in orbital resonances and planets on orbits that are elliptical or highly inclined from their host star's spin axis. It is debated whether the wide variety in system architecture is primarily due to differences in formation conditions (nature) or due to evolution over time (nurture). Identifying trends between planetary and stellar properties, including stellar age, can help distinguish between these competing theories and offer insights as to how planets form and evolve. However, it can be challenging to determine whether observed trends between planetary properties and stellar age are driven by the age of the system- pointing to evolution over time being an important factor-or other parameters to which the age may be related, such as stellar mass or stellar temperature. The situation is complicated further by the possibilities of selection biases, small number statistics, uncertainties in stellar age, and orbital evolution timescales that are typically much shorter than the range of observed ages. Here, we develop a Bayesian statistical framework to assess the robustness of such observed correlations and to determine whether they are indeed due to evolutionary processes, are more likely to reflect different formation scenarios, or are merely coincidental. We apply this framework to reported trends between stellar age and 2:1 orbital resonances, spin-orbit misalignments, and hot Jupiters' orbital eccentricities. We find strong support for the nurture hypothesis only in the final case.
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/ApJ/809/25
- Title:
- Stellar and planet properties for K2 candidates
- Short Name:
- J/ApJ/809/25
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- The extended Kepler mission, K2, is now providing photometry of new fields every three months in a search for transiting planets. In a recent study, Foreman-Mackey and collaborators presented a list of 36 planet candidates orbiting 31 stars in K2 Campaign 1. In this contribution, we present stellar and planetary properties for all systems. We combine ground-based seeing-limited survey data and adaptive optics imaging with an automated transit analysis scheme to validate 21 candidates as planets, 17 for the first time, and identify 6 candidates as likely false positives. Of particular interest is K2-18 (EPIC 201912552), a bright (K=8.9) M2.8 dwarf hosting a 2.23+/-0.25 R_{earth}_ planet with T_eq_=272+/-15 K and an orbital period of 33 days. We also present two new open-source software packages which enable this analysis. The first, isochrones, is a flexible tool for fitting theoretical stellar models to observational data to determine stellar properties using a nested sampling scheme to capture the multimodal nature of the posterior distributions of the physical parameters of stars that may plausibly be evolved. The second is vespa, a new general-purpose procedure to calculate false positive probabilities and statistically validate transiting exoplanets.
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/A+A/575/A12
- Title:
- Stellar CharactEristics Pisa Estimation gRid
- Short Name:
- J/A+A/575/A12
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- Stellar age determination by means of grid-based techniques that adopt asteroseismic constraints is a well established method nowadays. However some theoretical aspects of the systematic and statistical errors affecting these age estimates still have to be investigated. We study the impact on stellar age determination of the uncertainty in the radiative opacity, in the initial helium abundance, in the mixing-length value, in the convective core overshooting, and in the microscopic diffusion efficiency adopted in stellar model computations. We extended our SCEPtER grid to include stars with mass in the range [0.8; 1.6]M_{sun}_ and evolutionary stages from the zero-age main sequence to the central hydrogen depletion. For the age estimation we adopted the same maximum likelihood technique as described in our previous work. To quantify the systematic errors arising from the current uncertainty in model computations, many synthetic grids of stellar models with perturbed input were adopted. We found that the current typical uncertainty in the observations accounts for 1{sigma} statistical relative error in age determination, which on average ranges from about -35% to +42%, depending on the mass. However, owing to the strong dependence on the evolutionary phase, the age's relative error can be higher than 120% for stars near the zero-age main sequence, while it is typically of the order of 20% or lower in the advanced main-sequence phase. The systematic bias on age determination due to a variation of +/-1 in the helium-to-metal enrichment ratio {Delta}Y/{Delta}Z is about one-fourth of the statistical error in the first 30% of the evolution, while it is negligible for more evolved stages. The maximum bias due to the presence of the convective core overshooting is -7% and -13% for mild and strong overshooting scenarios. For all the examined models, the impact of a variation of +/-5% in the radiative opacity was found to be negligible. The most important source of bias is the uncertainty in the mixing-length value {alpha}_ml_ and the neglect of microscopic diffusion. Each of these effects accounts for a bias that is nearly equal to the random error uncertainty. Comparison of the results of our technique with other grid techniques on a set of common stars showed general agreement. However, the adoption of a different grid can account for a variation in the mean estimated age up to 1Gyr.
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/MNRAS/396/2295
- Title:
- Stellar cluster dynamical masses in NGC2903
- Short Name:
- J/MNRAS/396/2295
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- Gas and star velocity dispersions have been derived for four circumnuclear star-forming regions (CNSFRs) and the nucleus of the spiral galaxy NGC 2903 using high-resolution spectroscopy in the blue and far red. Stellar velocity dispersions have been obtained from the CaII triplet lines at {lambda}{lambda} 8494, 8542, 8662{AA}, using cross-correlation techniques, while gas velocity dispersions have been measured by Gaussian fits to the H{beta} {lambda} 4861{AA} line.
