- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/ApJ/799/215
- Title:
- 26 type II-Plateau supernovae parameters
- Short Name:
- J/ApJ/799/215
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- We present a new self-consistent and versatile method that derives photospheric radius and temperature variations of Type II-Plateau supernovae based on their expansion velocities and photometric measurements. We apply the method to a sample of 26 well-observed, nearby supernovae with published light curves and velocities. We simultaneously fit ~230 velocity and ~6800mag measurements distributed over 21 photometric passbands spanning wavelengths from 0.19 to 2.2{mu}m. The light-curve differences among the Type II-Plateau supernovae are well modeled by assuming different rates of photospheric radius expansion, which we explain as different density profiles of the ejecta, and we argue that steeper density profiles result in flatter plateaus, if everything else remains unchanged. The steep luminosity decline of Type II-Linear supernovae is due to fast evolution of the photospheric temperature, which we verify with a successful fit of SN 1980K. Eliminating the need for theoretical supernova atmosphere models, we obtain self-consistent relative distances, reddenings, and nickel masses fully accounting for all internal model uncertainties and covariances. We use our global fit to estimate the time evolution of any missing band tailored specifically for each supernova, and we construct spectral energy distributions and bolometric light curves. We produce bolometric corrections for all filter combinations in our sample. We compare our model to the theoretical dilution factors and find good agreement for the B and V filters. Our results differ from the theory when the I, J, H, or K bands are included. We investigate the reddening law toward our supernovae and find reasonable agreement with standard R~3.1 reddening law in UBVRI bands. Results for other bands are inconclusive. We make our fitting code publicly available.
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Search Results
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/ApJ/861/63
- Title:
- Type IIP SN 2016bkv LCs and spectra
- Short Name:
- J/ApJ/861/63
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- While interaction with circumstellar material is known to play an important role in Type IIn supernovae (SNe), analyses of the more common SNe IIP and IIL have not traditionally included interaction as a significant power source. However, recent campaigns to observe SNe within days of explosion have revealed narrow emission lines of high-ionization species in the earliest spectra of luminous SNe II of all subclasses. These "flash ionization" features indicate the presence of a confined shell of material around the progenitor star. Here we present the first low-luminosity (LL) SN to show flash ionization features, SN 2016bkv. This SN peaked at MV = -16 mag and has H{alpha} expansion velocities under 1350 km s-1 around maximum light, placing it at the faint/slow end of the distribution of SNe IIP (similar to SN 2005cs). The light-curve shape of SN 2016bkv is also extreme among SNe IIP. A very strong initial peak could indicate additional luminosity from circumstellar interaction. A very small fall from the plateau to the nickel tail indicates unusually large production of radioactive nickel compared to other LL SNe IIP. A comparison between nebular spectra of SN 2016bkv and models raises the possibility that SN 2016bkv is an electron-capture supernova.
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/MNRAS/395/1409
- Title:
- Type II-P SN progenitor constraints
- Short Name:
- J/MNRAS/395/1409
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- We present the results of a 10.5-yr, volume-limited (28-Mpc) search for supernova (SN) progenitor stars. In doing so we compile all SNe discovered within this volume (132, of which 27 per cent are Type Ia) and determine the relative rates of each subtype from literature studies. The core-collapse SNe break down into 59 per cent II-P and 29 per cent Ib/c, with the remainder being IIb (5 per cent), IIn (4 per cent) and II-L (3 per cent). There have been 20 II-P SNe with high-quality optical or near-infrared pre-explosion images that allow a meaningful search for the progenitor stars. In five cases they are clearly red supergiants, one case is unconstrained, two fall on compact coeval star clusters and the other twelve have no progenitor detected. We review and update all the available data for the host galaxies and SN environments (distance, metallicity and extinction) and determine masses and upper mass estimates for these 20 progenitor stars using the stars stellar evolutionary code and a single consistent homogeneous method. A maximum likelihood calculation suggests that the minimum stellar mass for a Type II-P to form is m_min_= 8.5^+1^_-1.5_M_{sun}_ and the maximum mass for II-P progenitors is m_max_= 16.5+/-1.5M_{sun}_, assuming a Salpeter initial mass function holds for the progenitor population (in the range {Gamma}=-1.35^+0.3^_-0.7_). The minimum mass is consistent with current estimates for the upper limit to white dwarf progenitor masses, but the maximum mass does not appear consistent with massive star populations in Local Group galaxies. Red supergiants in the Local Group have masses up to 25M_{sun}_ and the minimum mass to produce a Wolf-Rayet star in single star evolution (between solar and LMC metallicity) is similarly 25-30M_{sun}_. The reason we have not detected any high-mass red supergiant progenitors above 17M_{sun}_ is unclear, but we estimate that it is statistically significant at 2.4{sigma} confidence. Two simple reasons for this could be that we have systematically underestimated the progenitor masses due to dust extinction or that stars between 17-25M_{sun}_produce other kinds of SNe which are not II-P. We discuss these possibilities and find that neither provides a satisfactory solution. We term this discrepancy the 'red supergiant problem' and speculate that these stars could have core masses high enough to form black holes and SNe which are too faint to have been detected. We compare the ^56^Ni masses ejected in the SNe to the progenitor mass estimates and find that low-luminosity SNe with low ^56^Ni production are most likely to arise from explosions of low-mass progenitors near the mass threshold that can produce a core-collapse.
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/ApJ/799/208
- Title:
- Type IIP supernovae from Pan-STARRS1
- Short Name:
- J/ApJ/799/208
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- In recent years, wide-field sky surveys providing deep multiband imaging have presented a new path for indirectly characterizing the progenitor populations of core-collapse supernovae (SNe): systematic light-curve studies. We assemble a set of 76 grizy-band Type IIP SN light curves from Pan-STARRS1, obtained over a constant survey program of 4yr and classified using both spectroscopy and machine-learning-based photometric techniques. We develop and apply a new Bayesian model for the full multiband evolution of each light curve in the sample. We find no evidence of a subpopulation of fast-declining explosions (historically referred to as "Type IIL" SNe). However, we identify a highly significant relation between the plateau phase decay rate and peak luminosity among our SNe IIP. These results argue in favor of a single parameter, likely determined by initial stellar mass, predominantly controlling the explosions of red supergiants. This relation could also be applied for SN cosmology, offering a standardizable candle good to an intrinsic scatter of <~0.2mag. We compare each light curve to physical models from hydrodynamic simulations to estimate progenitor initial masses and other properties of the Pan-STARRS1 Type IIP SN sample. We show that correction of systematic discrepancies between modeled and observed SN IIP light-curve properties and an expanded grid of progenitor properties are needed to enable robust progenitor inferences from multiband light-curve samples of this kind. This work will serve as a pathfinder for photometric studies of core-collapse SNe to be conducted through future wide-field transient searches.
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/ApJ/863/163
- Title:
- Type IIP supernova SN 2004dj radio observations
- Short Name:
- J/ApJ/863/163
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- We present radio observations and modeling of one of the nearest and brightest Type IIP supernova SN 2004dj exploded in the galaxy NGC2403 at a distance of ~3.5Mpc. Our observations span a wide frequency and temporal range of 0.24-43GHz and ~1d to 12yrs since the discovery. We model the radio light curves and spectra with the synchrotron emission. We estimate the mass-loss rate of the progenitor star to be dM/dt~1x10^-6^M_{sun}_/yr for a wind speed of 10km/s. We calculate the radio spectral indices using 1.06, 1.40, 5.00, and 8.46GHz flux density measurements at multiple epochs. We witness steepening in the spectral index values for an extended period predominantly at higher frequencies. We explain this as a signature of electron cooling happening at the supernova shock in the plateau phase of the supernova. We estimate the cooling timescales for inverse Compton cooling and synchrotron cooling and find that inverse Compton cooling is the dominant cooling process.
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/MNRAS/459/3939
- Title:
- Type II supernova light curves
- Short Name:
- J/MNRAS/459/3939
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- High-quality collections of Type II supernova (SN) light curves are scarce because they evolve for hundreds of days, making follow-up observations time consuming and often extending over multiple observing seasons. In light of these difficulties, the diversity of SNe II is not fully understood. Here we present ultraviolet and optical photometry of 12 SNe II monitored by the Las Cumbres Observatory Global Telescope Network during 2013 to 2014, and compare them with previously studied SNe having well-sampled light curves. We explore SN II diversity by searching for correlations between the slope of the linear light-curve decay after maximum light (historically used to divide SNe II into IIL and IIP) and other measured physical properties. While SNe IIL are found to be on average more luminous than SNe IIP, SNe IIL do not appear to synthesize more ^56^Ni than SNe IIP. Finally, optical nebular spectra obtained for several SNe in our sample are found to be consistent with models of red supergiant progenitors in the 12-16M_{sun}_ range. Consequently, SNe IIL appear not to account for the deficit of massive red supergiants as SN II progenitors.
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/MNRAS/389/955
- Title:
- u'BVg'r'i'z' light curves of SN 2008ax
- Short Name:
- J/MNRAS/389/955
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- We present spectroscopy and photometry of the He-rich supernova (SN) 2008ax. The early-time spectra show prominent P-Cygni H lines, which decrease with time and disappear completely about 2 months after the explosion. In the same period HeI lines become the most prominent spectral features. SN 2008ax displays the ordinary spectral evolution of a Type IIb supernova. A stringent pre-discovery limit constrains the time of the shock breakout of SN 2008ax to within only a few hours. Its light curve, which peaks in the B band about 20d after the explosion, strongly resembles that of other He-rich core-collapse supernovae. The observed evolution of SN 2008ax is consistent with the explosion of a young Wolf-Rayet (of WNL type) star, which had retained a thin, low-mass shell of its original H envelope. The overall characteristics of SN 2008ax are reminiscent of those of SN 1993J, except for a likely smaller H mass. This may account for the findings that the progenitor of SN 2008ax was a WNL star and not a K supergiant as in the case of SN 1993J, that a prominent early-time peak is missing in the light curve of SN 2008ax, and that H{alpha} is observed at higher velocities in SN 2008ax than in SN 1993J.
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/ApJ/841/48
- Title:
- UBVR and IR photometry of SN 2011fe (Ia)
- Short Name:
- J/ApJ/841/48
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- Using the Hubble Space Telescope (HST) and the Large Binocular Telescope, we followed the evolution of the Type Ia supernova (SN Ia) 2011fe for an unprecedented 1840 days past B-band maximum light and over a factor of 7 million in flux. At 1840 days, the 4000-17000{AA} quasi-bolometric luminosity is just (420+/-20)L_{sun}_. By measuring the late-time quasi-bolometric light curve, we present the first confident detection of ^57^Co decay in a SN Ia light curve and estimate a mass ratio of log(^57^Co/^56^Co)=-1.59_-0.07_^+0.06^. We do not have a clean detection of ^55^Fe, but find a limit of ^55^Fe/^57^Co<0.22 with 99% confidence. These abundance ratios provide unique constraints on the progenitor system because the central density of the exploding white dwarf(s) dictates these nucleosynthetic yields. The observed ratios strongly prefer the lower central densities of double-degenerate models (^55^Fe/^57^Co=0.27) over the higher central densities of near-Chandrasekhar-mass single-degenerate models (^55^Fe/^57^Co=0.68). However, additional theoretical studies predicting isotopic yields from a broader range of progenitor systems are motivated by these unique observations. We will continue to observe SN 2011fe for another ~600 days with HST and possibly beyond.
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/MNRAS/389/1577
- Title:
- UBVRI absolute magnitudes of Type Ia SNe
- Short Name:
- J/MNRAS/389/1577
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- We create new U-, B-, V-, R- and I-band light-curve templates of Type Ia supernovae (SNe Ia) and re-analyse 122 nearby (redshift <0.11) SNe Ia using a new 'Multiband Stretch method', which is a revised Stretch method extended to five bands.
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/MNRAS/433/1871
- Title:
- UBVRI griz light curves of SN 2012aw
- Short Name:
- J/MNRAS/433/1871
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- We present densely sampled UBVRI/griz photometric and low-resolution (6-10{AA}) optical spectroscopic observations from 4 to 270d after explosion of a newly discovered Type II SN 2012aw in a nearby (~9.9Mpc) galaxy M95. The light-curve characteristics of apparent magnitudes, colours, bolometric luminosity and the presence and evolution of prominent spectral features are found to have striking similarity with the archetypal IIP SNe 1999em, 1999gi and 2004et. The early time observations of SN 2012aw clearly detect minima in the light curve of V, R and I bands near 37d after explosion and this we suggest to be an observational evidence for emergence of recombination phase. The mid-plateau M_V_ magnitude (-16.67+/-0.04) lies in between the bright (~-18) and subluminous (~-15) IIP SNe. The mass of nickel is 0.06+/-0.01M{sun}. The synow modelling of spectra indicate that the value and evolution of the photospheric velocity is similar to SN 2004et, but about ~600km/s higher than that of SNe 1999em and 1999gi at comparable epochs. This trend is more apparent in the line velocities of H{alpha} and H{beta}. A comparison of ejecta velocity properties with that of existing radiation-hydrodynamical simulations indicate that the energy of explosion lies in the range 1-2x10^51^ergs; a further comparison of nebular phase [OI] doublet luminosity with SNe 2004et and 1987A indicate that the mass of progenitor star is about 14 to 15M_{sun}_. The presence of high-velocity absorption features in the mid-to-late plateau and possibly in early phase spectra show signs of interaction between ejecta and the circumstellar matter; being consistent with its early time detection at X-ray and radio wavebands.
