- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/A+A/651/A98
- Title:
- M31 C-band (6.6GHz) Sardinia radio tel. map
- Short Name:
- J/A+A/651/A98
- Date:
- 17 Jan 2022 11:45:00
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- The Andromeda galaxy is the best known large galaxy besides our own Milky Way. Several images and studies exist at all wavelengths from radio to hard X-ray. Nevertheless, only few observations are available in the microwave range where its average radio emission reaches the minimum. In this paper we want to study the radio morphology of the galaxy, decouple thermal from non-thermal emission and extract the star formation rate. We also aim to derive a complete catalogue of radio sources for the mapped patch of sky. We have observed the Andromeda galaxy with the Sardinia Radio Telescope at 6.6 GHz with very high sensitivity and angular resolution, and an unprecedented sky coverage. Using new 6.6GHz data and Effelsberg radio telescope ancillary data, we confirm that, globally, the spectral index assumes a value of ~0.7-0.8, while in the star forming regions it decreases to ~0.5. By disentangling (gas) thermal and non-thermal emission, we found that at 6.6GHz, thermal emission follows the distribution of HII regions around the ring. Non-thermal emission, within the ring, appears to be more uniform and smooth than thermal emission, due to the diffusion of the cosmic ray electrons away from their birthplaces. Hence the magnetic fields are nearly constant in intensity. Based on the thermal emission map, we have calculated a star formation rate map. Integrating within a radius of R_max_=15kpc, we obtained a total star formation rate of 0.19+/-0.01M*/yr in agreement with previous results in literature. Finally, we correlated our radio data with Infrared images of the Andromeda galaxy. We found an unexpected high correlation between non-thermal and MIR data in the central region, with a correlation parameter r=0.93. Finally, by computing the logarithmic 24um/21cm ratio q_24um_, we found a decreasing trend with increasing galactocentric distance and an increasing dispersion. The logarithmic FIR/radio ratio is found to be 2.41+/-0.04.
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- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/A+A/567/A71
- Title:
- M31 Herschel images
- Short Name:
- J/A+A/567/A71
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- Dust and stars play a complex game of interactions in the interstellar medium and around young stars. The imprints of these processes are visible in scaling relations between stellar characteristics, star formation parameters, and dust properties. Aims. In the present work, we aim to examine dust scaling relations on a sub-kpc resolution in the Andromeda galaxy (M31). The goal is to investigate the properties of M31 on both a global and local scale and compare them to other galaxies of the local universe. Methods. New Herschel observations are combined with available data from GALEX, SDSS, WISE, and Spitzer to construct a dataset covering UV to submm wavelengths. All images were brought to the beam size and pixel grid of the SPIRE 500um frame. This divides M31 in 22437 pixels of 36 arcseconds in size on the sky, corresponding to physical regions of 137x608pc in the galaxy's disk. A panchromatic spectral energy distribution was modelled for each pixel and maps of the physical quantities were constructed. Several scaling relations were investigated, focussing on the interactions of dust with starlight. Results. We find, on a sub-kpc scale, strong correlations between Mdust/M* and NUV-r, and between Mdust/M* and mu* (the stellar mass surface density). Striking similarities with corresponding relations based on integrated galaxies are found. We decompose M31 in four macro-regions based on their FIR morphology; the bulge, inner disk, star forming ring, and the outer disk region. In the scaling relations, all regions closely follow the galaxy-scale average trends and behave like galaxies of different morphological types. The specific star formation characteristics we derive for these macro-regions give strong hints of an inside-out formation of the bulge-disk geometry, as well as an internal downsizing process. Within each macro-region, however, a great diversity in individual micro-regions is found, regardless of the properties of the macro-regions. Furthermore, we confirm that dust in the bulge of M31 is heated only by the old stellar populations. Conclusions. In general, the local dust scaling relations indicate that the dust content in M31 is maintained by a subtle interplay of past and present star formation. The similarity with galaxy-based relations strongly suggests that they are in situ correlations, with underlying processes that must be local in nature.
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/MNRAS/459/1403
- Title:
- M31 IRAC 3.6/4.5um extended survey
- Short Name:
- J/MNRAS/459/1403
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- We present the first results from an extended survey of the Andromeda galaxy (M31) using 41.1h of observations by Spitzer-IRAC at 3.6 and 4.5{mu}m. This survey extends previous observations to the outer disc and halo, covering total lengths of 44 and 66 along the minor and major axes, respectively. We have produced surface brightness profiles by combining the integrated light from background-corrected maps with stellar counts from a new catalogue of point sources. Using auxiliary catalogues, we have carried out a statistical analysis in colour-magnitude space to discriminate M31 objects from foreground Milky Way stars and background galaxies. The catalogue includes 426 529 sources, of which 66 per cent have been assigned probability values to identify M31 objects with magnitude depths of [3.6]=19.0+/-0.2, [4.5]=18.7+/-0.2. We discuss applications of our data for constraining the stellar mass and characterizing point sources in the outer radii.
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/ApJ/849/L36
- Title:
- mm-wave size study of ALMA submm galaxies
- Short Name:
- J/ApJ/849/L36
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- We report the study of the far-infrared (IR) sizes of submillimeter galaxies (SMGs) in relation to their dust-obscured star formation rate (SFR) and active galactic nuclei (AGN) presence, determined using mid-IR photometry. We determined the millimeter-wave ({lambda}_obs_=1100um) sizes of 69 Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA)-identified SMGs, selected with >=10{sigma} confidence on ALMA images (F_1100um_=1.7-7.4mJy). We found that all of the SMGs are located above an avoidance region in the size-flux plane, as expected by the Eddington limit for star formation. In order to understand what drives the different millimeter-wave sizes in SMGs, we investigated the relation between millimeter-wave size and AGN fraction for 25 of our SMGs at z=1-3. We found that the SMGs for which the mid-IR emission is dominated by star formation or AGN have extended millimeter-sizes, with respective median R_c,e_=1.6_-0.21_^+0.34^ and 1.5_-0.24_^+0.93^kpc. Instead, the SMGs for which the mid-IR emission corresponds to star-forming/AGN composites have more compact millimeter-wave sizes, with median R_c,e_=1.0_-0.20_^+0.20^kpc. The relation between millimeter-wave size and AGN fraction suggests that this size may be related to the evolutionary stage of the SMG. The very compact sizes for composite star-forming/AGN systems could be explained by supermassive black holes growing rapidly during the SMG coalescing, star-formation phase.
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/ApJ/835/278
- Title:
- Molecular clouds in the dwarf galaxy NGC6822
- Short Name:
- J/ApJ/835/278
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- We present the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array survey of CO(2-1) emission from the 1/5 solar metallicity, Local Group dwarf galaxy NGC 6822. We achieve high (0.9"~2pc) spatial resolution while covering a large area: four 250pcx250pc regions that encompass ~2/3 of NGC 6822's star formation. In these regions, we resolve ~150 compact CO clumps that have small radii (~2-3pc), narrow line width (~1km/s), and low filling factor across the galaxy. This is consistent with other recent studies of low-metallicity galaxies, but here shown with a 15x larger sample. At parsec scales, CO emission correlates with 8{mu}m emission better than with 24{mu}m emission and anticorrelates with H{alpha}, so that polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon emission may be an effective tracer of molecular gas at low metallicity. The properties of the CO clumps resemble those of similar-size structures in Galactic clouds except of slightly lower surface brightness and with CO-to-H_2_ ratio ~1-2x the Galactic value. The clumps exist inside larger atomic-molecular complexes with masses typical for giant molecular clouds. Using dust to trace H_2_ for the entire complex, we find the CO-to-H_2_ ratio to be ~20-25x the Galactic value, but with strong dependence on spatial scale and variations between complexes that may track their evolutionary state. The H_2_-to-HI ratio is low globally and only mildly above unity within the complexes. The ratio of star formation rate to H_2_ is ~3-5x higher in the complexes than in massive disk galaxies, but after accounting for the bias from targeting star-forming regions, we conclude that the global molecular gas depletion time may be as long as in massive disk galaxies.
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/ApJ/901/L8
- Title:
- Molecular gas properties of 70 PHANGS-ALMA galaxies
- Short Name:
- J/ApJ/901/L8
- Date:
- 23 Feb 2022 00:10:50
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- Using the PHANGS-ALMA CO(2-1) survey, we characterize molecular gas properties on ~100pc scales across 102,778 independent sightlines in 70 nearby galaxies. This yields the best synthetic view of molecular gas properties on cloud scales across the local star-forming galaxy population obtained to date. Consistent with previous studies, we observe a wide range of molecular gas surface densities (3.4dex), velocity dispersions (1.7dex), and turbulent pressures (6.5dex) across the galaxies in our sample. Under simplifying assumptions about subresolution gas structure, the inferred virial parameters suggest that the kinetic energy of the molecular gas typically exceeds its self-gravitational binding energy at ~100pc scales by a modest factor (1.3 on average). We find that the cloud-scale surface density, velocity dispersion, and turbulent pressure (1) increase toward the inner parts of galaxies, (2) are exceptionally high in the centers of barred galaxies (where the gas also appears less gravitationally bound), and (3) are moderately higher in spiral arms than in inter-arm regions. The galaxy-wide averages of these gas properties also correlate with the integrated stellar mass, star formation rate, and offset from the star-forming main sequence of the host galaxies. These correlations persist even when we exclude regions with extraordinary gas properties in galaxy centers, which contribute significantly to the inter-galaxy variations. Our results provide key empirical constraints on the physical link between molecular cloud populations and their galactic environment.
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/ApJ/851/76
- Title:
- Molecular transitions toward NGC5128 with ALMA
- Short Name:
- J/ApJ/851/76
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- Centaurus A, with its gas-rich elliptical host galaxy, NGC 5128, is the nearest radio galaxy at a distance of 3.8Mpc. Its proximity allows us to study the interaction among an active galactic nucleus, radio jets, and molecular gas in great detail. We present ALMA observations of low-J transitions of three CO isotopologues, HCN, HCO+, HNC, CN, and CCH toward the inner projected 500pc of NGC 5128. Our observations resolve physical sizes down to 40pc. By observing multiple chemical probes, we determine the physical and chemical conditions of the nuclear interstellar medium of NGC 5128. This region contains molecular arms associated with the dust lanes and a circumnuclear disk (CND) interior to the molecular arms. The CND is approximately 400pc by 200pc and appears to be chemically distinct from the molecular arms. It is dominated by dense gas tracers while the molecular arms are dominated by ^12^CO and its rare isotopologues. The CND has a higher temperature, elevated CN/HCN and HCN/HNC intensity ratios, and much weaker ^13^CO and C^18^O emission than the molecular arms. This suggests an influence from the AGN on the CND molecular gas. There is also absorption against the AGN with a low velocity complex near the systemic velocity and a high velocity complex shifted by about 60km/s. We find similar chemical properties between the CND in emission and both the low and high velocity absorption complexes, implying that both likely originate from the CND. If the HV complex does originate in the CND, then that gas would correspond to gas falling toward the supermassive black hole.
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/MNRAS/414/3084
- Title:
- Multi-waveband analysis of 12um galaxies
- Short Name:
- J/MNRAS/414/3084
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- We present a multi-waveband analysis of a 126-galaxy sub-sample of the 12um galaxy sample (12MGS), for which we have carried out a detailed X-ray spectral analysis in a previous paper. We determine the activity class of the galaxies by way of optical-line ratio diagnostics and characterize the optical classes by their X-ray, 12um and [OIII] luminosities and X-ray spectral properties.
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/ApJ/857/64
- Title:
- Multiwavelength catalog in the SEP field. II.
- Short Name:
- J/ApJ/857/64
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- For a sample of star-forming galaxies in the redshift interval 0.15<z<0.3, we study how both the relative strength of the active galactic nucleus (AGN) infrared emission, compared to that due to the star formation (SF), and the numerical fraction of AGNs change as a function of the total stellar mass of the hosting galaxy group (M_group_^*^) between 10^10.25^ and 10^11.9^M_{sun}_. Using a multicomponent spectral energy distribution SED fitting analysis, we separate the contribution of stars, AGN torus, and star formation to the total emission at different wavelengths. This technique is applied to a new multiwavelength data set in the SIMES field (23 not-redundant photometric bands), spanning the wavelength range from the UV (GALEX) to the far-IR (Herschel) and including crucial AKARI and WISE mid-IR observations (4.5{mu}m<{lambda}<24{mu}m), where the black hole thermal emission is stronger. This new photometric catalog, which includes our best photo-z estimates, is released through the NASA/IPAC Infrared Science Archive (IRSA). Groups are identified through a friends-of-friends algorithm (~62% purity, ~51% completeness). We identified a total of 45 galaxies requiring an AGN emission component, 35 of which are in groups and 10 in the field. We find the black hole accretion rate (BHAR){prop.to}(M_group_^*^)^1.21+/-0.27^ and (BHAR/SFR) {\prop} (M_group_^*^)^1.04+/- 0.24^, while, in the same range of M_group_^*^, we do not observe any sensible change in the numerical fraction of AGNs. Our results indicate that the nuclear activity (i.e., the BHAR and the BHAR/SFR ratio) is enhanced when galaxies are located in more massive and richer groups.
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/MNRAS/441/1017
- Title:
- Multiwavelength photometry of 34 galaxies
- Short Name:
- J/MNRAS/441/1017
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- We present a comparison of the physical properties of a rest-frame 250um selected sample of massive, dusty galaxies from 0<z<5.3. Our sample comprises 29 high-redshift submillimetre galaxies (SMGs) from the literature, and 843 dusty galaxies at z<0.5 from the Herschel-ATLAS, selected to have a similar stellar mass to the SMGs. The z>1 SMGs have an average SFR of 390^+80^_-70_M_{sun}_/yr which is 110 times that of the low-redshift sample matched in stellar mass to the SMGs (SFR=3.3+/-0.2M_{sun}_/yr). The SMGs harbour a substantial mass of dust (1.2^+0.3^_-0.2_x10^9^M_{sun}_), compared to (1.6+/-0.1)x10^8^M_{sun}_ for low-redshift dusty galaxies. At low redshifts the dust luminosity is dominated by the diffuse ISM, whereas a large fraction of the dust luminosity in SMGs originates from star-forming regions. At the same dust mass SMGs are offset towards a higher SFR compared to the low-redshift H-ATLAS galaxies. This is not only due to the higher gas fraction in SMGs but also because they are undergoing a more efficient mode of star formation, which is consistent with their bursty star-formation histories. The offset in SFR between SMGs and low-redshift galaxies is similar to that found in CO studies, suggesting that dust mass is as good a tracer of molecular gas as CO.