- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/A+A/462/449
- Title:
- Chandra point-source counts in galaxy cluster
- Short Name:
- J/A+A/462/449
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- With the superb angular resolution of the Chandra Observatory, it is now possible to detect X-ray point sources, either embedded in galaxy clusters or along the cluster line of sight, which could not be resolved by previous instruments. This now allows studies of source counts in distant cluster fields. We want to analyze the inner region of clusters of galaxies to check for the presence of any over-density of X-ray point sources embedded in the gas diffuse emission. These point sources are possible AGN belonging to the clusters and could contaminate the cluster emission. We used a sample of 18 distant (0.25<z<1.01) galaxy clusters from the Chandra archive to construct the logN-logS, in both the soft and hard energy bands, for the X-ray point sources detected in the central cluster region to be compared with the counts of point sources detected in similarly deep fields without clusters.
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Search Results
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/ApJS/168/19
- Title:
- Chandra sources in 5 galaxy clusters
- Short Name:
- J/ApJS/168/19
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- We present catalogs and images of optical counterparts to the Chandra-selected X-ray sources found in the fields of the five clusters RX J0152-1357, RX J0849+4452, RDCS J0910+5422, MS 1054-0321, and RDCS J1252-2927, which were imaged with the Advanced Camera for Surveys as part of the ACS Guaranteed Time Observer programs. A total of 98 X-ray sources fall within the ACS mosaics, and positive identifications are made for ~96% of them, including confirmed cluster members. We classify the sources as active galactic nuclei (AGNs) or QSOs depending on their X-ray output.
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/AZh/91/679
- Title:
- Chandra X-Ray galaxy clusters at z <1.4
- Short Name:
- J/AZh/91/679
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- A reconstruction of the total mass (the fraction of dark matter, intercluster gas, and the brightest galaxy of the cluster) of 128 X-ray galaxy clusters at redshifts 0.01-1.4 based on Chandra observations is presented. The total mass M200 and the baryonic mass Mb have been measured for all the sample objects, as well as the concentration parameter c200, which characterizes the size of the dark matter halo. The existence of a tight correlation between c200 and M200 is confirmed, c{prop.to}M^a^_vir_/(1+z)b with a=-0.56+/-0.15 and b=0.80+/-0.25 (95% confidence level), in good agreement with the predictions of numerical simulations and previous observations. Fitting the inner dark-matter density slope {alpha} with a generalized NFW model yields {alpha}=1.10+/-0.48 at the 2{sigma} confidence level, combining the results for the entire sample, for which the model gives a good description of the data. There is also a tight correlation between the inner slope of the dark-matter density profile {alpha} and the baryonic mass contentMb for massive galaxy clusters, namely, {alpha} decreases with increasing baryonic mass content. A simple power-law model is used to fit the {alpha}-M_b_ distributions, yielding the break point for the inner slope of the dark-matter density profile b=1.72+/-0.37 (68% confidence level).
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/ApJS/238/23
- Title:
- Chandra X-ray point sources in Abell 133
- Short Name:
- J/ApJS/238/23
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- As an evolutionary phase of galaxies, active galactic nuclei (AGNs) over a large range of redshifts have been utilized for understanding cosmic evolution. In particular, the population and evolution of AGNs have been investigated through the study of the cosmic X-ray background in various fields. As one of the deep fields observed by Chandra, with a total of 2.8Ms exposures, Abell 133 is a special region for investigating AGNs, providing a testbed for probing the environmental effects on AGN triggers, since cluster environments can be different from field environments. The achieved flux limits of data at the 50% completeness levels of 6.95x10^-16^, 1.43x10^-16^, and 1.57x10^-15^erg/s/cm^2^ are 0.5-8, 0.5-2, and 2-8keV. Using the wavdetect and no-source binomial probability (i.e., p<0.007), we analyze the combined Chandra image, detecting 1617 (in 0.5-8keV), 1324 (in 0.5-2keV), and 1028 (in 2-8keV) X-ray point sources in the Abell 133 region. Here, we present the X-ray point source catalog with the source fluxes, which can be combined with multiwavelength data for future works. We find that the number count distribution of the X-ray point sources is well reproduced with a broken power-law model, while the best-fit model parameters are sensitive to the fitting range of the number count distribution. Finally, we find an excess of number density (a decrease of AGN fraction) at the central region of the cluster, which reflects the effect of dense environments on AGN triggers, a finding similar to those of other studies of galaxy clusters.
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/ApJ/876/53
- Title:
- Chandra X-ray point sources in the Fornax cluster
- Short Name:
- J/ApJ/876/53
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- Based on archival Chandra observations with a total exposure of 1.3Ms, we study X-ray point sources in the Fornax cluster of galaxies, with the primary aim of searching for intracluster X-ray source populations. We detect 1177 point sources out to a projected radius of ~30' (~180kpc) from the cluster center and down to a limiting 0.5-8keV luminosity of ~3x10^37^erg/s. We construct the source surface density profile, after excluding sources associated with foreground stars, known globular clusters, ultra-compact dwarfs, and galactic nuclei. From this profile we statistically identify ~183 excess sources that are not associated with the bulk stellar content of the individual member galaxies of Fornax, nor with the cosmic X-ray background. Taking into account Poisson error and cosmic variance, the cumulative significance of this excess is at the >~2{sigma} level (with a maximum of 3.6{sigma}) outside three effective radii of the central giant elliptical, NGC 1399. The luminosity function of the excess sources is found to be significantly steeper than that of the GC-hosting sources (presumably low-mass X-ray binaries (LMXBs)), disfavoring the possibility that unidentified GCs are primarily responsible for the excess. We show that a large fraction of the excess can be related to the extended stellar halo of NGC 1399 and/or the diffuse intracluster light, thus providing strong evidence for the presence of intracluster X-ray sources in Fornax, the second unambiguous case for a galaxy cluster after Virgo. Other possible origins of the excess, including supernova-kicked LMXBs and stripped nucleated dwarf galaxies are discussed.
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/A+A/637/A58
- Title:
- Chemical evolution of galaxy clusters
- Short Name:
- J/A+A/637/A58
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- We study the chemical evolution of galaxy clusters by measuring the iron mass in the ICM after dissecting the abundance profiles into different components. We used Chandra archival observations of 186 morphologically regular clusters in the redshift range of [0.04, 1.07]. For each cluster, we computed the azimuthally averaged iron abundance and gas density profiles. In particular, our aim is to identify a central peak in the iron distribution, which is associated with the central galaxy, and an approximately constant plateau reaching the largest observed radii, which is possibly associated with early enrichment that occurred before or shortly after achieving virialization within the cluster. We were able to firmly identify two components in the iron distribution in a significant fraction of the sample simply by relying on the fit of the iron abundance profile. From the abundance and ICM density profiles, we computed the iron mass included in the iron peak and iron plateau, and the gas mass-weighted iron abundance of the ICM out to an extraction radius of 0.4r_500_ and to r_500_ by extending the abundance profile as a constant. We find that the iron plateau shows no evolution with redshift. On the other hand, we find a marginal (<2{sigma} c.l.) decrease with redshift in the iron mass included in the iron peak rescaled by the gas mass. We measure that the fraction of iron peak mass is typically a few percent (~1%) of the total iron mass within r_500_. Therefore, since the total iron mass budget is dominated by the plateau, we find consistently that the global gas mass-weighted iron abundance does not evolve significantly across our sample. We were also able to reproduce past claims of evolution in the global iron abundance, which turn out to be due to the use of cluster samples with different selection methods combined with the use of emission-weighted, instead of gas mass-weighted, abundance values. Finally, while the intrinsic scatter in the iron plateau mass is consistent with zero, the iron peak mass exhibits a large scatter, in line with the fact that the peak is produced after the virialization of the halo and depends on the formation history of the hosting cool core and the strength of the associated feedback processes. We conclude that only a spatially resolved approach can resolve the issue of iron abundance evolution in the ICM, reconciling the contradictory results obtained in the last ten years. Evolutionary effects below z~1 are marginally measurable with present-day data, while at z>1 the constraints are severely limited by poor knowledge of the high-z cluster population. The path towards a full and comprehensive chemical history of the ICM requires the application of high angular resolution X-ray bolometers and a dramatic increase in the number of faint, extended X-ray sources.
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/ApJ/806/268
- Title:
- Cheshire Cat galaxies: redshifts and magnitudes
- Short Name:
- J/ApJ/806/268
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- The Cheshire Cat is a relatively poor group of galaxies dominated by two luminous elliptical galaxies surrounded by at least four arcs from gravitationally lensed background galaxies that give the system a humorous appearance. Our combined optical/X-ray study of this system reveals that it is experiencing a line of sight merger between two groups with a roughly equal mass ratio with a relative velocity of ~1350 km/s. One group was most likely a low-mass fossil group, while the other group would have almost fit the classical definition of a fossil group. The collision manifests itself in a bimodal galaxy velocity distribution, an elevated central X-ray temperature and luminosity indicative of a shock, and gravitational arc centers that do not coincide with either large elliptical galaxy. One of the luminous elliptical galaxies has a double nucleus embedded off-center in the stellar halo. The luminous ellipticals should merge in less than a Gyr, after which observers will see a massive 1.2-1.5x10^14^ M_{sun}_ fossil group with an M_r_=-24.0 brightest group galaxy at its center. Thus, the Cheshire Cat offers us the first opportunity to study a fossil group progenitor. We discuss the limitations of the classical definition of a fossil group in terms of magnitude gaps between the member galaxies. We also suggest that if the merging of fossil (or near-fossil) groups is a common avenue for creating present-day fossil groups, the time lag between the final galactic merging of the system and the onset of cooling in the shock-heated core could account for the observed lack of well-developed cool cores in some fossil groups.
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/MNRAS/433/543
- Title:
- Choirs, HI galaxy groups
- Short Name:
- J/MNRAS/433/543
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- H{alpha} observations centred on galaxies selected from the Hi Parkes All-Sky Survey (HiPASS) typically show one and sometimes two star-forming galaxies within the ~15arcmin beam of the Parkes 64m HI detections. In our Survey for Ionization in Neutral Gas Galaxies (SINGG) we found 15 cases of HiPASS sources containing four or more emission line galaxies (ELGs). We name these fields Choir groups. In the most extreme case, we found a field with at least nine ELGs. In this paper, we present a catalogue of Choir group members in the context of the wider SINGG sample. The dwarf galaxies in the Choir groups would not be individually detectable in HiPASS at the observed distances if they were isolated, but are detected in SINGG narrow-band imaging due to their membership of groups with sufficiently large total HI mass. The ELGs in these groups are similar to the wider SINGG sample in terms of size, H{alpha} equivalent width and surface brightness. Eight of these groups have two large spiral galaxies with several dwarf galaxies and may be thought of as morphological analogues of the Local Group. However, on average our groups are not significantly Hi deficient, suggesting that they are at an early stage of assembly, and more like the M81 group. The Choir groups are very compact at typically only 190kpc in projected distance between the two brightest members. They are very similar to SINGG fields in terms of star formation efficiency (SFE; the ratio of star formation rate to HI mass), showing an increasing trend in SFE with stellar mass.
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/ApJ/796/140
- Title:
- Circumgalactic medium surrounding z~2 quasars
- Short Name:
- J/ApJ/796/140
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- We survey the incidence and absorption strength of the metal-line transitions C II 1334 and C IV 1548 from the circumgalactic medium (CGM) surrounding z~2 quasars, which act as signposts for massive dark matter halos M_halo_~10^12.5^ M_{sun}_. On scales of the virial radius (r_vir_~160 kpc), we measure a high covering fraction f_C_=0.73+/-0.10 to strong C II 1334 absorption (rest equivalent width W_1334_>=0.2 {AA}), implying a massive reservoir of cool (T~10^4^ K) metal enriched gas. We conservatively estimate a metal mass exceeding 10^8^ M_{sun}_. We propose that these metals trace enrichment of the incipient intragroup/intracluster medium that these halos eventually inhabit. This cool CGM around quasars is the pinnacle among galaxies observed at all epochs, as regards covering the fraction and average equivalent width of H I Ly{alpha} and low-ion metal absorption. We argue that the properties of this cool CGM primarily reflect the halo mass, and that other factors such as feedback, star-formation rate, and accretion from the intergalactic medium are secondary. We further estimate that the CGM of massive, z~2 galaxies accounts for the majority of strong Mg II absorption along random quasar sightlines. Last, we detect an excess of strong C IV 1548 absorption (W_1548_>=0.3 {AA}) over random incidence to the 1 Mpc physical impact parameter and measure the quasar-C IV cross-correlation function: {zeta}_CIV_-Q(r)=(r/r_0_)^-{gamma}^ with r_0_=7.5_-1.4_^+2.8^ h^-1^ Mpc and {gamma}=1.7_-0.2_^+0.1^. Consistent with previous work on larger scales, we infer that this highly ionized C IV gas traces massive (10^12^ M_{sun}_) halos.
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/AJ/132/1275
- Title:
- CIRS (Cluster Infall Regions in the SDSS). I.
- Short Name:
- J/AJ/132/1275
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- We use the Fourth Data Release of the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS) to test the ubiquity of infall patterns around galaxy clusters and measure cluster mass profiles to large radii. The Cluster and Infall Region Nearby Survey (CAIRNS) found infall patterns in nine clusters, but the cluster sample was incomplete. Here we match X-ray cluster catalogs with SDSS, search for infall patterns, and compute mass profiles for a complete sample of X-ray-selected clusters. Very clean infall patterns are apparent in most of the clusters, with the fraction decreasing with increasing redshift due to shallower sampling. All 72 clusters in a well-defined sample limited by redshift (ensuring good sampling) and X-ray flux (excluding superpositions) show infall patterns sufficient to apply the caustic technique. This sample is by far the largest sample of cluster mass profiles extending to large radii to date. Similar to CAIRNS, cluster infall patterns are better defined in observations than in simulations. Further work is needed to determine the source of this difference. We use the infall patterns to compute mass profiles for 72 clusters and compare them to model profiles. Cluster scaling relations using caustic masses agree well with those using X-ray or virial mass estimates, confirming the reliability of the caustic technique. We confirm the conclusion of CAIRNS that cluster infall regions are well fitted by Navarro-Frenk-White (NFW) and Hernquist profiles and poorly fitted by singular isothermal spheres. This much larger sample enables new comparisons of cluster properties with those in simulations. The shapes (specifically NFW concentrations) of the mass profiles agree well with the predictions of simulations. The mass in the infall region is typically comparable to or larger than that in the virial region. Specifically, the mass inside the turnaround radius is on average 2.19+/-0.18 times that within the virial radius. This ratio agrees well with recent predictions from simulations of the final masses of dark matter halos.
