- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/A+A/568/A41
- Title:
- ATLASGAL Compact Source Catalog: 280<l<60
- Short Name:
- J/A+A/568/A41
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- The APEX Telescope Large Area Survey of the Galaxy (ATLASGAL) is the largest and most sensitive systematic survey of the inner Galactic plane in the submillimetre wavelength regime. The observations were carried out with the Large APEX Bolometer Camera (LABOCA), an array of 295 bolometers observing at 870um (345GHz). In this research note we present the compact source catalogue for the 280{deg}<l<330{deg}and 21{deg}<l<60{deg}regions of this survey. The construction of this catalogue was made with the source extraction routine SExtractor using the same input parameters and procedures as used to analyse the inner Galaxy region presented in an earlier publication (i.e., 330{deg}<l<21{deg}). We have identified 3523 compact sources and present a catalogue of their properties. When combined with the regions already published (see Contreras et al., 2013, Cat. J/A+A/549/A45), this provides a comprehensive and unbiased database of ~10163 massive, dense clumps located across the inner Galaxy.
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- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/A+A/565/A75
- Title:
- ATLASGAL: dust condensations in Galactic plane
- Short Name:
- J/A+A/565/A75
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- The formation processes and the evolutionary stages of high-mass stars are poorly understood compared to low-mass stars. Large-scale surveys are needed to provide an unbiased census of high column density sites which can potentially host precursors to high-mass stars. The ATLASGAL survey covers 420 sq. degree of the Galactic plane, between -80{deg}<l<+60{deg} at 870um. Here we identify the population of embedded sources throughout the inner Galaxy. With this catalog we first investigate the general statistical properties of dust condensations in terms of their observed parameters, such as flux density and angular size. Then using mid-IR surveys we aim to investigate their star-formation activity and the Galactic distribution of star-forming and quiescent clumps. Our ultimate goal is to determine the statistical properties of quiescent and star-forming clumps within the Galaxy and to constrain the star-formation processes. We optimized the source extraction method, referred to as MRE-GCL, for the ATLASGAL maps in order to generate a catalog of compact sources. This technique is based on a multi-scale filtering to remove extended emission from clouds to better determine the parameters corresponding to the embedded compact sources. In a second step we extract the sources by fitting 2D Gaussians with the Gaussclumps algorithm.
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/MNRAS/431/1752
- Title:
- ATLASGAL 6.7GHz methanol masers
- Short Name:
- J/MNRAS/431/1752
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- Using the 870um APEX Telescope large area survey of the Galaxy, we have identified 577 submillimetre continuum sources with masers from the methanol multibeam survey in the region 280{deg}<l<20{deg}; |b|<1.5{deg}. 94 per cent of methanol masers in the region are associated with submillimetre dust emission. We estimate masses for ~450 maser-associated sources and find that methanol masers are preferentially associated with massive clumps. These clumps are centrally condensed, with envelope structures that appear to be scale-free, the mean maser position being offset from the peak column density by 0+/-4 arcsec. Assuming a Kroupa initial mass function and a star formation efficiency of ~30 per cent, we find that over two-thirds of the clumps are likely to form clusters with masses >20M_{sun}_. Furthermore, almost all clumps satisfy the empirical mass-size criterion for massive star formation. Bolometric luminosities taken from the literature for ~100 clumps range between ~100 and 10^6^L_{sun}_. This confirms the link between methanol masers and massive young stars for 90 per cent of our sample. The Galactic distribution of sources suggests that the star formation efficiency is significantly reduced in the Galactic Centre region, compared to the rest of the survey area, where it is broadly constant, and shows a significant drop in the massive star formation rate density in the outer Galaxy.
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/ApJS/208/14
- Title:
- BGPS. IX. Data release 2.
- Short Name:
- J/ApJS/208/14
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- We present a re-reduction and expansion of the Bolocam Galactic Plane Survey (BGPS), first presented by Aguirre+ (2011ApJS..192....4A) and Rosolowsky+ (2011, J/ApJS/188/123). The BGPS is a 1.1mm survey of dust emission in the Northern galactic plane, covering longitudes -10{deg}<{ell}<90{deg} and latitudes |b|<0.5{deg} with a typical 1{sigma} rms sensitivity of 30-100mJy in a ~33" beam. Version 2 of the survey includes an additional ~20deg^2^ of coverage in the third and fourth quadrants and ~2deg^2^ in the first quadrant. The new data release has improved angular recovery, with complete recovery out to ~80" and partial recovery to ~300", and reduced negative bowls around bright sources resulting from the atmospheric subtraction process. We resolve the factor of 1.5 flux calibration offset between the v1.0 data release and other data sets and determine that there is no offset between v2.0 and other data sets. The v2.0 pointing accuracy is tested against other surveys and is demonstrated to be accurate and an improvement over v1.0. We present simulations and tests of the pipeline and its properties, including measurements of the pipeline's angular transfer function. The Bolocat cataloging tool was used to extract a new catalog, which includes 8594 sources, with 591 in the expanded regions. We have demonstrated that the Bolocat 40" and 80" apertures are accurate even in the presence of strong extended background emission. The number of sources is lower than in v1.0, but the amount of flux and area included in identified sources is larger.
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/ApJ/770/39
- Title:
- BGPS. VIII. MIR kinematic distances
- Short Name:
- J/ApJ/770/39
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- We present a new distance estimation method for dust-continuum-identified molecular cloud clumps. Recent (sub-)millimeter Galactic plane surveys have cataloged tens of thousands of these objects, plausible precursors to stellar clusters, but detailed study of their physical properties requires robust distance determinations. We derive Bayesian distance probability density functions (DPDFs) for 770 objects from the Bolocam Galactic Plane Survey in the Galactic longitude range 7.5{deg}<=l<=65{deg}. The DPDF formalism is based on kinematic distances, and uses any number of external data sets to place prior distance probabilities to resolve the kinematic distance ambiguity (KDA) for objects in the inner Galaxy. We present here priors related to the mid-infrared absorption of dust in dense molecular regions and the distribution of molecular gas in the Galactic disk. By assuming a numerical model of Galactic mid-infrared emission and simple radiative transfer, we match the morphology of (sub-)millimeter thermal dust emission with mid-infrared absorption to compute a prior DPDF for distance discrimination. Selecting objects first from (sub-)millimeter source catalogs avoids a bias towards the darkest infrared dark clouds (IRDCs) and extends the range of heliocentric distance probed by mid-infrared extinction and includes lower-contrast sources. We derive well-constrained KDA resolutions for 618 molecular cloud clumps, with approximately 15% placed at or beyond the tangent distance. Objects with mid-infrared contrast sufficient to be cataloged as IRDCs are generally placed at the near kinematic distance. Distance comparisons with Galactic Ring Survey KDA resolutions yield a 92% agreement. A face-on view of the Milky Way using resolved distances reveals sections of the Sagittarius and Scutum-Centaurus Arms. This KDA-resolution method for large catalogs of sources through the combination of (sub-)millimeter and mid-infrared observations of molecular cloud clumps is generally applicable to other dust-continuum Galactic plane surveys.
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/ApJ/707/1824
- Title:
- BLAST Vela sources
- Short Name:
- J/ApJ/707/1824
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- We present first results from an unbiased 50deg^2^ submillimeter Galactic survey at 250, 350, and 500um from the 2006 flight of the Balloon-borne Large Aperture Submillimeter Telescope. The map has resolution ranging from 36" to 60" in the three submillimeter bands spanning the thermal emission peak of cold starless cores. We determine the temperature, luminosity, and mass of more than 1000 compact sources in a range of evolutionary stages and an unbiased statistical characterization of the population. From comparison with C^18^O data, we find the dust opacity per gas mass, {kappa}r=0.16cm^2^/g at 250um, for cold clumps. We find that 2% of the mass of the molecular gas over this diverse region is in cores colder than 14K, and that the mass function for these cold cores is consistent with a power law with index {alpha}=-3.22+/-0.14 over the mass range 14M_{sun}_<M<80M_{sun}_.
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/A+A/564/A111
- Title:
- Galactic plane dust temperature maps with Herschel
- Short Name:
- J/A+A/564/A111
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- Dust grains absorb the interstellar far ultra-violet and visible photons and re-emit them in far-infrared (FIR) wavebands. The dust FIR continuum can be predicted by a grid of models using various values of the interstellar radiation field. We analyze the dust continuum emission in two Hi-GAL science-demonstration phase (SDP) fields using both the radiative transfer code, Cloudy, and the DustEM dust model, to explore the effect of radiative transfer on dust temperature. The 500um sub-millimeter excess emission and the very small grain (VSG) contribution to the 70um intensity are investigated by spectral energy distribution (SED) fitting using the Cloudy model.
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/ApJ/777/157
- Title:
- 90GHz obs. of high-mass star-forming regions
- Short Name:
- J/ApJ/777/157
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- The chemical changes of high-mass star-forming regions provide a potential method for classifying their evolutionary stages and, ultimately, ages. In this study, we search for correlations between molecular abundances and the evolutionary stages of dense molecular clumps associated with high-mass star formation. We use the molecular line maps from Year 1 of the Millimetre Astronomy Legacy Team 90GHz (MALT90) Survey. The survey mapped several hundred individual star-forming clumps chosen from the ATLASGAL survey to span the complete range of evolution, from prestellar to protostellar to H II regions. The evolutionary stage of each clump is classified using the Spitzer GLIMPSE/MIPSGAL mid-IR surveys. Where possible, we determine the dust temperatures and H_2_ column densities for each clump from Herschel/Hi-GAL continuum data. From MALT90 data, we measure the integrated intensities of the N_2_H^+^, HCO^+^, HCN and HNC(1-0) lines, and derive the column densities and abundances of N_2_H^+^ and HCO^+^. The Herschel dust temperatures increase as a function of the IR-based Spitzer evolutionary classification scheme, with the youngest clumps being the coldest, which gives confidence that this classification method provides a reliable way to assign evolutionary stages to clumps. Both N_2_H^+^ and HCO^+^ abundances increase as a function of evolutionary stage, whereas the N_2_H^+^(1-0) to HCO^+^(1-0) integrated intensity ratios show no discernable trend. The HCN(1-0) to HNC(1-0) integrated intensity ratios show marginal evidence of an increase as the clumps evolve.
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/MNRAS/469/2163
- Title:
- JCMT Plane Survey. first complete data release
- Short Name:
- J/MNRAS/469/2163
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- We present the first data release of the James Clerk Maxwell Telescope Plane Survey (JPS), the JPS Public Release 1. JPS is an 850-{mu}m continuum survey of six fields in the northern inner Galactic plane in a longitude range of l=7{deg}-63{deg}, made with the Submillimetre Common-User Bolometer Array 2. This first data release consists of emission maps of the six JPS regions with an average pixel-to-pixel noise of 7.19mJy/beam, when smoothed over the beam, and a compact source catalogue containing 7813 sources. The 95 per cent completeness limits of the catalogue are estimated at 0.04Jy/beam and 0.3Jy for the peak and integrated flux densities, respectively. The emission contained in the compact source catalogue is 42+/-5 per cent of the total and, apart from the large-scale (greater than 8 arcmin) emission, there is excellent correspondence with features in the 500-{mu}m Herschel maps. We find that, with two-dimensional matching, 98 {\pm} 2 per cent of sources within the fields centred at l=20{deg}, 30{deg}, 40{deg} and 50{deg} are associated with molecular clouds, with 91+/-3 per cent of the l=30{deg} and 40{deg} sources associated with dense molecular clumps. Matching the JPS catalogue to Herschel 70-{mu}m sources, we find that 38+/-1 per cent of sources show evidence of ongoing star formation. The JPS Public Release 1 images and catalogue will be a valuable resource for studies of star formation in the Galaxy and the role of environment and spiral arms in the star formation process.
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/MNRAS/453/4264
- Title:
- JCMT Plane Survey: l=30{deg} field
- Short Name:
- J/MNRAS/453/4264
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- We present early results from the JCMT (James Clerk Maxwell Telescope) Plane Survey (JPS), which has surveyed the northern inner Galactic plane between longitudes l=7{deg} and l=63{deg} in the 850-{mu}m continuum with SCUBA-2 (Submm Common-User Bolometer Array 2), as part of the JCMT Legacy Survey programme. Data from the l=30{deg} survey region, which contains the massive-star-forming regions W43 and G29.96, are analysed after approximately 40 percent of the observations had been completed. The pixel-to-pixel noise is found to be 19mJy/beam after a smooth over the beam area, and the projected equivalent noise levels in the final survey are expected to be around 10mJy/beam. An initial extraction of compact sources was performed using the FellWalker method, resulting in the detection of 1029 sources above a 5{sigma} surface-brightness threshold. The completeness limits in these data are estimated to be around 0.2Jy/beam (peak flux density) and 0.8 Jy (integrated flux density) and are therefore probably already dominated by source confusion in this relatively crowded section of the survey. The flux densities of extracted compact sources are consistent with those of matching detections in the shallower APEX (Atacama Pathfinder Experiment) Telescope Large Area Survey of the Galaxy (ATLASGAL) survey. We analyse the virial and evolutionary state of the detected clumps in the W43 star-forming complex and find that they appear younger than the Galactic-plane average.
