- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/A+A/641/A152
- Title:
- TANAMI radio galaxies II
- Short Name:
- J/A+A/641/A152
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- This is the second paper in our series studying the evolution of parsec-scale radio emission in radio galaxies in the southern hemisphere. Following our study of the radio and high-energy properties of gamma-ray-emitting sources, here we investigate the kinematic and spectral properties of the parsec-scale jets of radio galaxies that have not yet been detected by the Fermi Large Area Telescope (Fermi-LAT) instrument on board NASA's Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope. For many sources, these results represent the first milliarcsecond resolution information in the literature. These studies were conducted within the framework of the Tracking Active Nuclei with Austral Milliarcsecond Interferometry (TANAMI) monitoring program and in the context of high-energy gamma-ray observations from Fermi-LAT. We take advantage of the regular 8.4GHz and 22.3GHz Very Long Baseline Interferometry (VLBI) observations provided by the TANAMI monitoring program, and explore the kinematic properties of six gamma-ray-faint radio galaxies. We complement this with ~8.5 years of Fermi-LAT data, deriving updated upper limits on the gamma-ray emission from this subsample of TANAMI radio galaxies. We include publicly available VLBI kinematics of gamma-ray-quiet radio galaxies monitored by the MOJAVE program and perform a consistent Fermi-LAT analysis. We combine these results with those from our previous paper to construct the largest sample of radio galaxies with combined VLBI and gamma-ray measurements to date. The connection between parsec-scale jet emission and high-energy properties in the misaligned jets of radio galaxies is explored. We report for the first time evidence of superluminal motion up to beta_app_=3.6 in the jet of the gamma-ray-faint radio galaxy PKS 2153-69. We find a clear trend of higher apparent speed as a function of distance from the jet core, which indicates that the jet is still being accelerated on scales of tens of parsecs, or ~10^5^R_{sun}_, corresponding to the end of the collimation and acceleration zone in nearby radio galaxies. We find evidence of subluminal apparent motion in the jets of PKS 1258-321 and IC 4296, and no measurable apparent motion for PKS 1549-79, PKS 1733-565 and PKS 2027-308. For all these sources, TANAMI provides the first multi-epoch kinematic analysis on parsec scales. We then compare the VLBI properties of gamma-ray-detected and undetected radio galaxies, and find that the two populations show a significantly different distribution of median core flux density, and, possibly, of median core brightness temperature. In terms of correlation between VLBI and gamma-ray properties, we find a significant correlation between median core flux density and gamma-ray flux, but no correlation with typical Doppler boosting indicators such as median core brightness temperature and core dominance. Our study suggests that high-energy emission from radio galaxies is related to parsec-scale radio emission from the inner jet, but is not driven by Doppler boosting effects, in contrast to the situation in their blazar counterparts. This implies that gamma-ray loudness does not necessarily reflect a higher prevalence of boosting effects.
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Search Results
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/ApJ/704/1405
- Title:
- Testing the E_peak_-E_iso_ relation for GRBs
- Short Name:
- J/ApJ/704/1405
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- One of the most prominent, yet controversial associations derived from the ensemble of prompt-phase observations of gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) is the apparent correlation in the source frame between the peak energy (E_peak_) of the {nu}F({nu}) spectrum and the isotropic radiated energy, E_iso_. Since most GRBs have E_peak_ above the energy range (15-150keV) of the Burst Alert Telescope (BAT) on Swift, determining accurate E_peak_ values for large numbers of Swift bursts has been difficult. However, by combining data from Swift/BAT and the Suzaku Wide-band All-Sky Monitor (WAM), which covers the energy range from 50 to 5000keV, for bursts which are simultaneously detected, one can accurately fit E_peak_ and E_iso_ and test the relationship between them for the Swift sample. Between the launch of Suzaku in 2005 July and the end of 2009 April, there were 48 GRBs that triggered both Swift/BAT and WAM, and an additional 48 bursts that triggered Swift and were detected by WAM, but did not trigger. A BAT-WAM team has cross-calibrated the two instruments using GRBs, and we are now able to perform joint fits on these bursts to determine their spectral parameters. For those bursts with spectroscopic redshifts, we can also calculate the isotropic energy. Here, we present the results of joint Swift/BAT-Suzaku/WAM spectral fits for 91 of the bursts detected by the two instruments.
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/MNRAS/458/56
- Title:
- TeV gamma-ray blazar X-ray spectral studies
- Short Name:
- J/MNRAS/458/56
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- This work is a summary of the X-ray spectral studies of 29TeV (10^12^eV, tera-electron-volt) {gamma}-ray emitting blazars observed with Swift/XRT, especially focusing on sources for which the X-ray regime allows us to study the low- and the high-energy ends of the particle distribution function. Variability studies require simultaneous coverage, ideally sampling different flux states of each source. This is achieved using X-ray observations by disentangling the high-energy end of the synchrotron emission and the low-energy end of the Compton emission, which are produced by the same electron population. We focused on a sample of 29 TeV {gamma}-ray emitting blazars with the best signal-to-noise X-ray observations collected with Swift/XRT in the energy range 0.3-10keV during 10yr of Swift/XRT operations. We investigate the X-ray spectral shapes and the effects of different corrections for neutral hydrogen absorption and decompose the synchrotron and inverse Compton components. For five sources (3C 66A, S5 0716+714, W Comae, 4C +21.35 and BL Lacertae) a superposition of both components is observed in the X-ray band, permitting simultaneous, time-resolved studies of both ends of the electron distribution. The analysis of multi-epoch observations revealed that the break energy of the X-ray spectrum varies only by a small factor with flux changes. Flux variability is more pronounced in the synchrotron domain (high-energy end of the electron distribution) than in the Compton domain (low-energy end of the electron distribution). The spectral shape of the Compton domain is stable, while the flux of the synchrotron domain is variable. These changes cannot be described by simple variations of the cut-off energy, suggesting that the high-energy end of the electron distribution is not generally well described by cooling only.
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/A+A/406/L9
- Title:
- TeV Gamma-Rays from 1ES1959+650
- Short Name:
- J/A+A/406/L9
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- TeV gamma-rays from the BL Lac object 1ES1959+650 have been measured during the years 2000 and 2001 with a significance of 5.2{sigma} at a value of 5.3% of the Crab flux and in May 2002 during strong outbursts with >23{sigma} at a flux level of up to 2.2Crab, making 1ES1959+650 the TeV Blazar with the third best event statistics. The deep observation of 197.4h has been performed with the HEGRA stereoscopic system of 5 imaging atmospheric Cherenkov telescopes (IACT system). 1ES1959+650 is located at a redshift of z=0.047, providing an intermediate distance between the nearby Blazars Mkn 421 and Mkn 501, and the much more distant object H1426+428. This makes 1ES1959+650 an important candidate of the class of TeV Blazars in view of the absorption of TeV photons by the diffuse extragalactic background radiation (DEBRA). The differential energy spectrum of 1ES1959+650 during the flares can be well described by a power law with an exponential cut-off at (4.2(+0.8-0.6)_stat_+/-0.9_sys_) TeV and a spectral index of 1.83+/-0.15_stat_+/-0.08_sys_, while the low state spectrum can be fitted by a pure power law with a spectral index of 3.18+/-0.17_stat_+/-0.08_sys_.
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/A+A/608/A68
- Title:
- TeV/non-TeV BL Lacs multi-lambda fluxes
- Short Name:
- J/A+A/608/A68
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- We have collected the most complete multi-wavelength (6.0-6.0E^-18^cm) dataset of very high energy (VHE) gamma-ray emitting (TeV) BL Lacs, which are the most numerous extragalactic VHE sources. Using significant correlations between different bands, we aim to identify the best TeV BL Lac candidates that can be discovered by the current and next generation of imaging air Cherenkovtelescopes. We formed five datasets from lower energy data, i.e. radio, mid-infrared, optical, X-rays, and GeV gamma-ray, and five VHE gamma-ray datasets to perform a correlation study between different bands and to construct the prediction method. The low energy datasets were averaged for individual sources, while the VHE gamma-ray data were divided into subsets according to the flux state of the source. We then looked for significant correlations and determined their best-fit parameters. Using the best-fit parameters we predicted the level of VHE gamma-ray flux for a sample of 182 BL Lacs, which have not been detected at TeV energies. We identified the most promising TeV BL Lac candidates based on the predicted VHE gamma-ray flux for each source. We found 14 significant correlations between radio, mid-infrared, optical, gamma-ray, and VHE gamma-ray bands. The correlation between optical and VHE gamma-ray luminosity is established for the first time. We attribute this to the more complete sample and more accurate handling of host galaxy flux in our work. We found nine BL Lac candidates whose predicted VHE gamma-ray flux is high enough for detection in less than 25 hours with current imaging air Cherenkov telescopes.
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/ApJ/720/1513
- Title:
- The afterglows of Swift-era GRBs. I.
- Short Name:
- J/ApJ/720/1513
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- We have gathered optical photometry data from the literature on a large sample of Swift-era gamma-ray burst (GRB) afterglows including GRBs up to 2009 September, for a total of 76 GRBs, and present an additional three pre-Swift GRBs not included in an earlier sample. Furthermore, we publish 840 additional new photometry data points on a total of 42 GRB afterglows, including large data sets for GRBs 050319, 050408, 050802, 050820A, 050922C, 060418, 080413A, and 080810. We analyzed the light curves of all GRBs in the sample and derived spectral energy distributions for the sample with the best data quality, allowing us to estimate the host-galaxy extinction. We transformed the afterglow light curves into an extinction-corrected z=1 system and compared their luminosities with a sample of pre-Swift afterglows. The results of a former study, which showed that GRB afterglows clustered and exhibited a bimodal distribution in luminosity space, are weakened by the larger sample. We found that the luminosity distribution of the two afterglow samples (Swift-era and pre-Swift) is very similar, and that a subsample for which we were not able to estimate the extinction, which is fainter than the main sample, can be explained by assuming a moderate amount of line-of-sight host extinction. We derived bolometric isotropic energies for all GRBs in our sample, and found only a tentative correlation between the prompt energy release and the optical afterglow luminosity at 1 day after the GRB in the z=1 system. Finally, we present the first indications of a class of long GRBs, which form a bridge between the typical high-luminosity, high-redshift events and nearby low-luminosity events (which are also associated with spectroscopic supernovae) in terms of energetics and observed redshift distribution, indicating a continuous distribution overall.
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/ApJS/175/179
- Title:
- The BAT1 gamma-ray burst catalog
- Short Name:
- J/ApJS/175/179
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- We present the first Swift Burst Alert Telescope (BAT) catalog of gamma-ray bursts (GRBs), which contains bursts detected by the BAT between 2004 December 19 and 2007 June 16. This catalog (hereafter the BAT1 catalog) contains burst trigger time, location, 90% error radius, duration, fluence, peak flux, and time-averaged spectral parameters for each of 237 GRBs, as measured by the BAT. The BAT-determined position reported here is within 1.75' of the Swift X-Ray Telescope (XRT)-determined position for 90% of these GRBs. The BAT T_90_ and T_50_ durations peak at 80 and 20s, respectively. From the fluence-fluence correlation, we conclude that about 60% of the observed peak energies, E^obs^_peak_, of BAT GRBs could be less than 100keV. We confirm that GRB fluence to hardness and GRB peak flux to hardness are correlated for BAT bursts in analogous ways to previous missions' results. The correlation between the photon index in a simple power-law model and E^obs^_peak_ is also confirmed. We also report the current status for the on-orbit BAT calibrations based on observations of the Crab Nebula.
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/ApJS/208/21
- Title:
- The BATSE 5B GRB spectral catalog
- Short Name:
- J/ApJS/208/21
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- We present systematic spectral analyses of gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) detected with the Burst and Transient Source Experiment (BATSE) on board the Compton Gamma-Ray Observatory during its entire nine years of operation. This catalog contains two types of spectra extracted from 2145 GRBs, and fitted with five different spectral models resulting in a compendium of over 19000 spectra. The models were selected based on their empirical importance to the spectral shape of many GRBs, and the analysis performed was devised to be as thorough and objective as possible. We describe in detail our procedures and criteria for the analyses, and present the bulk results in the form of parameter distributions. This catalog should be considered an official product from the BATSE Science Team, and the data files containing the complete results are available from the High-Energy Astrophysics Science Archive Research Center (HEASARC).
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/MNRAS/493/2438
- Title:
- The 2BIGB gamma-ray blazars catalog
- Short Name:
- J/MNRAS/493/2438
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- This paper presents the results of a {gamma}-ray likelihood analysis over all the extreme and high synchrotron peak blazars (EHSP and HSP) from the 3HSP catalogue. We investigate 2013 multifrequency positions under the eyes of Fermi Large Area Telescope, considering 11yr of observations in the energy range between 500MeV and 500GeV, which results in 1160 {gamma}-ray signatures detected down to the TS=9 threshold. The detections include 235 additional sources concerning the Fermi Large Area Telescope Fourth Source Catalog (4FGL), all confirmed via high-energy TS (Test Statistic) maps, and represent an improvement of ~25% for the number of EHSP and HSP currently described in {gamma}-rays. We build the {gamma}-ray spectral energy distribution (SED) for all the 1160 2BIGB sources, plot the corresponding {gamma}-ray logN-logS, and measure their total contribution to the extragalactic gamma-ray background, which reaches up to ~33% at 100GeV. Also, we show that the {gamma}-ray detectability improves according to the synchrotron peak flux as represented by the figure of merit parameter, and note that the search for TeV peaked blazars may benefit from considering HSP and EHSP as a whole, instead of EHSPs only. The 2BIGB acronym stands for 'Second Brazil-ICRANet Gamma-ray Blazars' catalogue.
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/ApJ/884/66
- Title:
- The CGM-GRB study. I. GRB hosts at z~2-6
- Short Name:
- J/ApJ/884/66
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- Recent studies have revealed a dynamic interplay between the galaxy ecosystem and circumgalactic medium (CGM). We investigate the CGM at high redshifts (z>~2) by using bright afterglows of gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) as background sources. We compiled a sample of medium-resolution ({Delta}v<50km/s) and high signal-to-noise ratio (typical S/N~10) spectra from 27 GRB afterglows covering z~2-6, with six of them at z>~4. We analyzed the high- and low-ionization absorption features within +/-400km/s to extract the CGM and interstellar medium (ISM) kinematics. In the stacked spectra, high-ionization absorption profiles (e.g., CIV, SiIV) present significant absorption excess in their blue wings (v{<}-100km/s) relative to the red wings (v>100km/s). The stronger blue wings in high-ionization species are indicative of the presence of ubiquitous warm outflows in the GRB hosts at high redshifts. We used simple toy models to kinematically distinguish the CGM and ISM absorption and estimate the CGM mass and outflow velocity. We find tentative evidence of the evolution of the CGM metal mass by ~0.5dex between two redshift bins, each spanning 1 Gyr, z1: 2-2.7 and z2: 2.7-5. By comparing with past studies, we find that over the course of evolution of present-day galaxies with M_*_>10^10^M_{sun}_, the ratio of CIV mass in the CGM to the stellar mass remains fairly uniform, with log(M_CIV_/M_*_)~-4.5 within +/-0.5dex from z~4 to z~0, suggesting CGM-galaxy coevolution.
