- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/A+A/626/A92
- Title:
- Spitzer/IRS analysis of the 30-micron sources
- Short Name:
- J/A+A/626/A92
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- We present an analysis and comparison of the 30{mu}m dust features seen in the Spitzer Space Telescope spectra of 207 carbon-rich asymptotic giant branch (AGB) stars, post-AGB objects, and planetary nebulae (PNe) located in the Milky Way, the Magellanic Clouds (MCs), or the Sagittarius dwarf spheroidal galaxy (Sgr dSph), which are characterised by different average metallicities. We investigated whether the formation of the 30{mu}m feature carrier may be a function of the metallicity. Through this study we expect to better understand the late stages of stellar evolution of carbon-rich stars in these galaxies. Our analysis uses the "Manchester method" as a basis for estimating the temperature of dust for the carbon-rich AGB stars and the PNe in our sample. For post-AGB objects we changed the wavelength ranges used for temperature estimation, because of the presence of the 21{mu}m feature on the short wavelength edge of the 30{mu}m feature. We used a black-body function with a single temperature deduced from the Manchester method or its modification to approximate the continuum under the 30{mu}m feature. We find that the strength of the 30{mu}m feature increases until dust temperature drops below 400K. Below this temperature, the large loss of mass and probably the self-absorption effect reduces the strength of the feature. During the post-AGB phase, when the intense mass-loss has terminated, the optical depth of the circumstellar envelope is smaller, and the 30{um}m feature becomes visible again, showing variety of values for post-AGB objects and PNe, and being comparable with the strengths of AGB stars. In addition, the AGB stars and post-AGB objects show similar values of central wavelengths - usually between 28.5 and 29.5{mu}m. However, in case of PNe the shift of the central wavelength towards longer wavelengths is visible. The normalised median profiles for AGB stars look uniformly for various ranges of dust temperature, and different galaxies. We analysed the profiles of post-AGB objects and PNe only within one dust temperature range (below 200K), and they were also similar in different galaxies. In the spectra of 17 PNe and five post-AGB objects we found the broad 16-24{mu}m feature. Two objects among the PNe group are the new detections: SMP LMC 51, and SMP LMC 79, whereas in the case of post-AGBs the new detections are: IRAS 05370-7019, IRAS 05537-7015, and IRAS 21546+4721. In addition, in the spectra of nine PNe we found the new detections of 16-18{mu}m feature. We also find that the Galactic post-AGB object IRAS 11339-6004 has a 21{mu}m emission. Finally, we have produced online catalogues of photometric data and Spitzer IRS spectra for all objects that show the 30{mu}m feature. These resources are available online for use by the community. The most important conclusion of our work is the fact that the formation of the 30{mu}m feature is affected by metallicity. Specifically that, as opposed to more metal-poor samples of AGB stars in the MCs, the feature is seen at lower mass-loss rates, higher temperatures, and has seen to be more prominent in Galactic carbon stars. The averaged feature (profile) in the AGB, post-AGB objects, and PNe seems unaffected by metallicity at least between a fifth and solar metallicity, but in the case of PNe it is shifted to significantly longer wavelengths.
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Search Results
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/ApJ/777/156
- Title:
- Spitzer/IRS spectra of GOALS luminous IR galaxies
- Short Name:
- J/ApJ/777/156
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- We present the data and our analysis of mid-infrared atomic fine-structure emission lines detected in Spitzer/Infrared Spectrograph high-resolution spectra of 202 local Luminous Infrared Galaxies (LIRGs) observed as part of the Great Observatories All-sky LIRG Survey (GOALS). We readily detect emission lines of [SIV], [NeII], [NeV], [NeIII], [SIII]_18.7{mu}m_, [OIV], [FeII], [SIII]_33.5{mu}m_, and [SiII]. More than 75% of these galaxies are classified as starburst-dominated sources in the mid-infrared, based on the [NeV]/[NeII] line flux ratios and equivalent width of the 6.2{mu}m polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon feature. We compare ratios of the emission-line fluxes to those predicted from stellar photo-ionization and shock-ionization models to constrain the physical and chemical properties of the gas in the starburst LIRG nuclei. Comparing the [SIV]/[NeII] and [NeIII]/[NeII] line ratios to the Starburst99-Mappings III models with an instantaneous burst history, the emission-line ratios suggest that the nuclear starbursts in our LIRGs have ages of 1-4.5 Myr, metallicities of 1-2Z_{sun}_, and ionization parameters of 2-8x10^7^cm/s. Based on the [SIII]_33.5{mu}m_/[SIII]_18.7{mu}m_ ratios, the electron density in LIRG nuclei is typically one to a few hundred/cm3, with a median electron density of ~300/cm3, for those sources above the low density limit for these lines.
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/ApJ/709/1257
- Title:
- Spitzer-IRS spectra of Seyfert galaxies. II.
- Short Name:
- J/ApJ/709/1257
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- We present our Spitzer-Infrared Spectrometer (IRS) spectroscopic survey from 10um to 37um of the Seyfert galaxies of the 12um Galaxy Sample (12MSG), collected in a high-resolution mode (R~600). The new spectra of 61 galaxies, together with the data we already published, give us a total of 91 12um Seyfert galaxies observed, out of 112. We discuss the mid-IR emission lines and features of the Seyfert galaxies, using an improved active galactic nucleus (AGN) classification scheme: instead of adopting the usual classes of Seyfert 1's and Seyfert 2's, we use the spectropolarimetric data from the literature to divide the objects into categories "AGN 1" and "AGN 2," where AGN 1's include all broad-line objects, including the Seyfert 2's showing hidden broad lines in polarized light. The remaining category, AGN 2's, contains only Seyferts with no detectable broad lines in either direct or polarized spectroscopy. We present various mid-IR observables, such as ionization-sensitive and density-sensitive line ratios, the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) 11.25um feature and the H_2_S(1) rotational line equivalent widths (EWs), the (60-25um) spectral index, and the source extendedness at 19um, to characterize similarities and differences in the AGN populations, in terms of AGN dominance versus star formation dominance.
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/MNRAS/395/1695
- Title:
- Spitzer mid-IR spectroscopy of LIRGs
- Short Name:
- J/MNRAS/395/1695
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- We present results on low-resolution mid-infrared (MIR) spectra of 70 IR-luminous galaxies obtained with the infrared spectrograph (IRS) onboard Spitzer. We selected sources from the European Large Area Infrared Survey with S_15_>0.8mJy and photometric or spectroscopic z>1. About half of the samples are quasi-stellar objects (QSOs) in the optical, while the remaining sources are galaxies, comprising both obscured active galactic nuclei (AGN) and starbursts. Redshifts were obtained from optical spectroscopy, photometric redshifts and the IRS spectra. The later turn out to be reliable for obscured and/or star-forming sources, thus becoming an ideal complement to optical spectroscopy for redshift estimation.
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/ApJ/658/778
- Title:
- Spitzer mid-IR spectroscopy of z~2 ULIRGs
- Short Name:
- J/ApJ/658/778
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- We present the mid-infrared spectra obtained with the Spitzer IRS for 52 sources, selected as infrared luminous, z>~1 candidates in the Extragalactic First Look Survey (XFLS). The sample selection criteria are F24um>~0.9mJy, vFv(24um)/vFv(8um)>~3.16, and vFv(24um)/vFv(0.7um)>~10. Of the 52 spectra, 47 (90%) produced measurable redshifts based solely on the mid-IR spectral features, with 35/47 (74%) at 1.5<~z<~3.2. Keck spectroscopy of a subsample (17/47) agrees with the mid-IR redshift measurements. The observed spectra fall into three categories: (1) 33% (17/52) have strong PAH emission and are probably powered by star formation with total IR luminosity roughly a factor of 5 higher than the local starburst ULIRGs; (2) 33% (17/52) have only deep silicate absorption at 9.8um, indicating deeply embedded dusty systems -these data alone cannot determine the energetic nature of the heating sources in these systems; and (3) the remaining 34% are mid-IR continuum-dominated systems with weak PAH emission and/or silicate absorption. This subsample is probably AGNs.
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/ApJS/208/24
- Title:
- Spitzer MIR AGN survey. I.
- Short Name:
- J/ApJS/208/24
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- We present the results of a program of optical and near-infrared spectroscopic follow-up of candidate active galactic nuclei (AGNs) selected in the mid-infrared. This survey selects both normal and obscured AGNs closely matched in luminosity across a wide range, from Seyfert galaxies with bolometric luminosities L _bol_~10^10^L_{sun}_ to highly luminous quasars (L_bol_~10^14^L_{sun}_), all with redshifts ranging from 0 to 4.3. Samples of candidate AGNs were selected with mid-infrared color cuts at several different 24{mu}m flux density limits to ensure a range of luminosities at a given redshift. The survey consists of 786 candidate AGNs and quasars, of which 672 have spectroscopic redshifts and classifications. Of these, 137 (20%) are type 1 AGNs with blue continua, 294 (44%) are type 2 objects with extinctions A_V_>~5 toward their AGNs, 96 (14%) are AGNs with lower extinctions (A_V_~1), and 145 (22%) have redshifts, but no clear signs of AGN activity in their spectra. Of the survey objects 50% have L_bol_>10^12^L_{sun}_, in the quasar regime. We present composite spectra for type 2 quasars and objects with no signs of AGN activity in their spectra. We also discuss the mid-infrared - emission-line luminosity correlation and present the results of cross correlations with serendipitous X-ray and radio sources.
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/ApJ/620/1010
- Title:
- Spitzer 24{mu}m photometry of A dwarfs
- Short Name:
- J/ApJ/620/1010
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- We report new Spitzer 24{mu}m photometry of 76 main-sequence A-type stars. We combine these results with previously reported Spitzer 24{mu}m data and 24 and 25{mu}m photometry from the Infrared Space Observatory and the Infrared Astronomy Satellite. The result is a sample of 266 stars with mass close to 2.5M_Sun_ all detected to at least the ~7{sigma} level relative to their photospheric emission.
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/AJ/141/1
- Title:
- Spitzer observations of GOODS fields
- Short Name:
- J/AJ/141/1
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- We present Spitzer 16um imaging of the Great Observatories Origins Deep Survey (GOODS) fields. We survey 150 arcmin^2^ in each of the two GOODS fields (North and South), to an average 3{sigma} depth of 40 and 65uJy, respectively. We detect ~1300 sources in both fields combined. We validate the photometry using the 3-24um spectral energy distribution of stars in the fields compared to Spitzer spectroscopic templates. Comparison with ISOCAM and AKARI observations in the same fields shows reasonable agreement, though the uncertainties are large. We provide a catalog of photometry, with sources cross-correlated with available Spitzer, Chandra, and Hubble Space Telescope data. Galaxy number counts show good agreement with previous results from ISOCAM and AKARI with improved uncertainties.
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/ApJ/713/330
- Title:
- Spitzer observations of major-merger galaxies
- Short Name:
- J/ApJ/713/330
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- We present Spitzer observations for a sample of close major-merger galaxy pairs (KPAIR sample) selected from cross-matches between the 2MASS Extended Source Catalog and Sloan Digital Sky Survey Data Release 3. The goals are to study the star formation activity in these galaxies and to set a local bench mark for the cosmic evolution of close major mergers. The Spitzer KPAIR sample (27 pairs, 54 galaxies) includes all spectroscopically confirmed spiral-spiral (S+S) and spiral-elliptical (S+E) pairs in a parent sample that is complete for primaries brighter than K=12.5 mag, projected separations of 5h^-1^kpc<=s<=20h^-1^kpc, and mass ratios <=2.5. The Spitzer data, consisting of images in seven bands (3.6, 4.5, 5.8, 8, 24, 70, 160um), show very diversified IR emission properties.
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/ApJ/646/297
- Title:
- Spitzer observations of pre-main-sequence stars
- Short Name:
- J/ApJ/646/297
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- Early observations of T Tauri stars suggested that stars with evidence of circumstellar accretion disks rotated slower than stars without such evidence, but more recent results are not as clear. Near-IR circumstellar disk indicators, although the most widely available, are subject to uncertainties that can result from inner disk holes and/or the system inclination. Mid-infrared observations are less sensitive to such effects, but until now, these observations have been difficult to obtain. The Spitzer Space Telescope now easily enables mid-infrared measurements of large samples of PMS stars covering a broad mass range in nearby star-forming regions. Megeath and collaborators surveyed the Orion Molecular Clouds (1Myr) with the IRAC instrument (3.6, 4.5, 5.8, 8um) as part of a joint IRAC and MIPS GTO program. We examine the relationship between rotation and Spitzer mid-IR fluxes for 900 stars in Orion for stars between 3 and 0.1M_{sun}_. We find in these Spitzer data the clearest indication to date that stars with longer periods are more likely than those with short periods to have IR excesses suggestive of disks.
