- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/ApJ/807/23
- Title:
- Companions of RS CVn primaries. I. sig Gem
- Short Name:
- J/ApJ/807/23
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- To measure the properties of both components of the RS Canum Venaticorum binary {sigma} Geminorum ({sigma} Gem), we directly detect the faint companion, measure the orbit, obtain model-independent masses and evolutionary histories, detect ellipsoidal variations of the primary caused by the gravity of the companion, and measure gravity darkening. We detect the companion with interferometric observations obtained with the Michigan InfraRed Combiner at Georgia State University's Center for High Angular Resolution Astronomy Array with a primary-to-secondary H-band flux ratio of 270+/-70. A radial velocity curve of the companion was obtained with spectra from the Tillinghast Reflector Echelle Spectrograph on the 1.5m Tillinghast Reflector at Fred Lawrence Whipple Observatory. We additionally use new observations from the Tennessee State University Automated Spectroscopic and Photometric Telescopes (AST and APT, respectively). From our orbit, we determine model-independent masses of the components (M1=1.28+/-0.07M_{sun}_, M2=0.73+/-0.03M_{sun}_), and estimate a system age of 5+/-1Gyr. An average of the 27 year APT light curve of {sigma} Gem folded over the orbital period (P=19.6027+/-0.0005days) reveals a quasi-sinusoidal signature, which has previously been attributed to active longitudes 180{deg} apart on the surface of {sigma} Gem. With the component masses, diameters, and orbit, we find that the predicted light curve for ellipsoidal variations due to the primary star partially filling its Roche lobe potential matches well with the observed average light curve, offering a compelling alternative explanation to the active longitudes hypothesis. Measuring gravity darkening from the light curve gives {beta}<0.1, a value slightly lower than that expected from recent theory.
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- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/A+A/639/A87
- Title:
- Complex organic mol. in low-mass protostars
- Short Name:
- J/A+A/639/A87
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- Complex organic molecules (COMs) are thought to form on icy dust grains in the earliest phase of star formation. The evolution of these COMs from the youngest Class 0/I protostellar phases toward the more evolved Class II phase is still not fully understood. Since planet formation seems to start early, and mature disks are too cold for characteristic COM emission lines, studying the inventory of COMs on Solar- System scales in the Class 0/I stage is relevant. Our aim is to determine the abundance ratios of oxygen-bearing COMs in Class 0 protostellar systems on scales of ~100AU radius. We aim to compare these abundances with one another, and to the abundances of other low-mass protostars such as IRAS16293-2422B and HH 212. Additionally, using both cold and hot COM lines, the gas-phase abundances can be tracked from a cold to a hot component, and ultimately be compared with those in ices to be measured with the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST). The abundance of deuterated methanol allows us to probe the ambient temperature during the formation of this species. ALMA Band 3 (3mm) and Band 6 (1mm) observations are obtained for seven Class 0 protostars in the Perseus and Serpens star-forming regions. By modeling the inner protostellar region using local thermodynamic equilibrium (LTE) models, the excitation temperature and column densities are determined for several O-bearing COMs including methanol (CH_3_OH), acetaldehyde (CH_3_CHO), methyl formate (CH_3_OCHO), and dimethyl ether (CH_3_OCH_3_). Abundance ratios are taken with respect to CH_3_OH. Three out of the seven of the observed sources, B1-c, B1-bS (both Perseus), and Serpens S68N (Serpens), show COM emission. No clear correlation seems to exist between the occurrence of COMs and source luminosity. The abundances of several COMs such as CH_3_OCHO, CH_3_OCH_3_, acetone (CH_3_COCH_3_), and ethylene glycol ((CH_2_OH)2) are remarkably similar for the three COM-rich sources; this similarity also extends to IRAS 16238-2422B and HH 212, even though collectively these sources originate from four different star-forming regions (i.e., Perseus, Serpens, Ophiuchus, and Orion). For other COMs like CH_3_CHO, ethanol (CH_3_CH_2_OH), and glycolaldehyde (CH_2_OHCHO), the abundances differ by up to an order of magnitude, indicating that local source conditions become important. B1-c hosts a cold (Tex=60K), more extended component of COM emission with a column density of typically a few percent of the warm/hot (Tex=200K) central component. A D/H ratio of 1-3% is derived for B1-c, S68N, and B1-bS based on the CH_2_DOH/CH_3_OH ratio (taking into account statistical weighting) suggesting a temperature of ~15K during the formation of methanol. This ratio is consistent with other low-mass protostars, but is lower than for high-mass star-forming regions. The abundance ratios of most O-bearing COMs are roughly fixed between different star-forming regions, and are presumably set at an earlier cold prestellar phase. For several COMs, local source properties become important. Future mid-infrared facilities such as JWST/MIRI will be essential for the direct observation of COM ices. Combining this with a larger sample of COM-rich sources with ALMA will allow ice and gas-phase abundances to be directly linked in order to constrain the routes that produce and maintain chemical complexity during the star formation process.
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/A+A/558/A60
- Title:
- CO(2-1) observations of central AGN at z=1.4
- Short Name:
- J/A+A/558/A60
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- The formation of the first virialized structures in overdensities dates back to ~9Gyr ago, i.e. in the redshift range z~1.4-1.6. Some models of structure formation predict that the star formation activity in clusters was high at that epoch, implying large reservoirs of cold molecular gas. Aiming at finding a trace of this expected high molecular gas content in primeval clusters, we searched for the ^12^CO(2-1) line emission in the most luminous active galactic nucleus (AGN) of the cluster around the radio galaxy 7C 1756+6520 at z~1.4, one of the farthest spectroscopic confirmed clusters. This AGN, called AGN.1317, is located in the neighbourhood of the central radio galaxy at a projected distance of ~780 kpc. The IRAM Plateau de Bure Interferometer was used to investigate the molecular gas quantity in AGN.1317, observing the ^12^CO(2-1) emission line. We detect CO emission in an AGN belonging to a galaxy cluster at z~1.4. We measured a molecular gas mass of 1.1x10^10^M_{sun}_, comparable to that found in submillimeter galaxies. In optical images, AGN.1317 does not seem to be part of a galaxy interaction or merger. We also derived the nearly instantaneous star formation rate (SFR) from Halpha flux obtaining a SFR~65M_{sun}_/yr. This suggests that AGN.1317 is actively forming stars and will exhaust its reservoir of cold gas in ~0.2-1.0Gyr.
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/A+A/589/A60
- Title:
- CO, SO and H_2_CO images of AB Aur
- Short Name:
- J/A+A/589/A60
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- Transitional disks are structures of dust and gas around young stars with large inner cavities in which planet formation may occur. Lopsided dust distributions are observed in the dust continuum emission at millimeter wavelengths. These asymmetrical structures can be explained as being the result of an enhanced gas density vortex where the dust is trapped, potentially promoting the rapid growth to the planetesimal scale. AB Aur hosts a transitional disk with a clear horseshoe morphology which strongly suggests the presence of a dust trap. Our goal is to investigate its formation and the possible effects on the gas chemistry. We used the NOrthern Extended Millimeter Array (NOEMA) interferometer to image the 1mm continuum dust emission and the ^13^CO J=2->1, C^18^O J=2->1, SO J=5_6_->4_5_, and H_2_CO J=3_03_->2_02_. rotational lines.
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/A+A/637/A64
- Title:
- Cygnus OB2 e-MERLIN 21cm survey (COBRaS)
- Short Name:
- J/A+A/637/A64
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- The role of massive stars is central to an understanding of galactic ecology. It is important to establish the details of how massive stars provide radiative, chemical, and mechanical feedback in galaxies. Central to these issues is an understanding of the evolution of massive stars, and the critical role of mass loss via strongly structured winds and stellar binarity. Ultimately, and acting collectively, massive stellar clusters shape the structure and energetics of galaxies. We aim to conduct high-resolution, deep field mapping at 21cm of the core of the massive Cygnus OB2 association and to characterise the properties of the massive stars and colliding winds at this waveband. We used seven stations of the e-MERLIN radio facility, with its upgraded bandwidth and enhanced sensitivity to conduct a 21cm census of Cygnus OB2. Based on 42 hours of observations, seven overlapping pointings were employed over multiple epochs during 2014 resulting in 1{sigma} sensitivities down to ~21{mu}Jy and a resolution of ~180mas. A total of 61 sources are detected at 21cm over a ~0.48{deg}x0.48{deg} region centred on the heart of the Cyg OB2 association. Of these 61 sources, 33 are detected for the first time. We detect a number of previously identified sources including four massive stellar binary systems, two YSOs, and several known X-ray and radio sources. We also detect the LBV candidate (possible binary system) and blue hypergiant star of Cyg OB2 #12. The 21cm observations secured in the COBRaS Legacy project provide data to constrain conditions in the outer wind regions of massive stars; determine the non-thermal properties of massive interacting binaries; examine evidence for transient sources, including those associated with young stellar objects; and provide unidentified sources that merit follow-up observations. The 21cm data are of lasting value and will serve in combination with other key surveys of Cyg OB2, including Chandra and Spitzer.
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/A+A/593/A45
- Title:
- delta Cep VEGA/CHARA observing log
- Short Name:
- J/A+A/593/A45
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- The B-W method is used to determine the distance of Cepheids and consists in combining the angular size variations of the star, as derived from infrared surface-brightness relations or interferometry, with its linear size variation, as deduced from visible spectroscopy using the projection factor. The underlying assumption is that the photospheres probed in the infrared and in the visible are located at the same layer in the star whatever the pulsation phase. While many Cepheids have been intensively observed by infrared beam combiners, only a few have been observed in the visible. This paper is part of a project to observe Cepheids in the visible with interferometry as a counterpart to infrared observations already in hand. Methods. Observations of Delta Cep itself were secured with the VEGA/CHARA instrument over the full pulsation cycle of the star. These visible interferometric data are consistent in first approximation with a quasi-hydrostatic model of pulsation surrounded by a static circumstellar environment (CSE) with a size of {theta}_CSE_=8.9+/-3.0mas and a relative flux contribution of f_CSE_=0.07+/-0.01. A model of visible nebula (a background source filling the field of view of the interferometer) with the same relative flux contribution is also consistent with our data at small spatial frequencies. However, in both cases, we find discrepancies in the squared visibilities at high spatial frequencies (maximum 2{sigma}) with two different regimes over the pulsation cycle of the star, {phi}=0.0-0.8 and {phi}=0.8-1.0. We provide several hypotheses to explain these discrepancies, but more observations and theoretical investigations are necessary before a firm conclusion can be drawn. For the first time we have been able to detect in the visible domain a resolved structure around delta Cep. We have also shown that a simple model cannot explain the observations, and more work will be necessary in the future, both on observations and modelling.
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/ApJ/746/101
- Title:
- Diameters and temperatures of AFG stars
- Short Name:
- J/ApJ/746/101
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- We have executed a survey of nearby, main-sequence A-, F-, and G-type stars with the CHARA Array, successfully measuring the angular diameters of forty-four stars with an average precision of ~1.5%. We present new measures of the bolometric flux, which in turn leads to an empirical determination of the effective temperature for the stars observed. In addition, these CHARA-determined temperatures, radii, and luminosities are fit to Yonsei-Yale model isochrones to constrain the masses and ages of the stars. These results are compared to indirect estimates of these quantities obtained by collecting photometry of the stars and applying them to model atmospheres and evolutionary isochrones. We find that for most cases, the models overestimate the effective temperature by ~1.5%-4% when compared to our directly measured values. The overestimated temperatures and underestimated radii in these works appear to cause an additional offset in the star's surface gravity measurements, which consequently yield higher masses and younger ages, in particular for stars with masses greater than ~1.3 M_{sun}_. Additionally, we compare our measurements to a large sample of eclipsing binary stars, and excellent agreement is seen within both data sets. Finally, we present temperature relations with respect to (B-V) and (V-K) colors as well as spectral type, showing that calibration of effective temperatures with errors ~1% is now possible from interferometric angular diameters of stars.
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/ApJ/680/728
- Title:
- Diameters of exoplanet host stars
- Short Name:
- J/ApJ/680/728
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- We have measured the angular diameters for a sample of 24 exoplanet host stars using Georgia State University's CHARA Array interferometer. We use these improved angular diameters together with Hipparcos parallax measurements to derive linear radii and to estimate the stars' evolutionary states.
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/ApJ/734/98
- Title:
- DISCS. II. Southern sky disk data
- Short Name:
- J/ApJ/734/98
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- This is the second in a series of papers based on data from DISCS, a Submillimeter Array observing program aimed at spatially and spectrally resolving the chemical composition of 12 protoplanetary disks. We present data on six Southern sky sources -IM Lup, SAO 206462 (HD 135344b), HD 142527, AS 209, AS 205, and V4046 Sgr- which complement the six sources in the Taurus star-forming region reported previously. CO 2-1 and HCO^+^ 3-2 emission are detected and resolved in all disks and show velocity patterns consistent with Keplerian rotation. Where detected, the emission from DCO^+^ 3-2, N_2_H^+^ 3-2, H_2_CO 3_0 3_-2_0 2_ and 4_1 4_-3_1 3_, HCN 3-2, and CN 2_3 3/4/2_-1_2 2/3/1_ are also generally spatially resolved. The detection rates are highest toward the M and K stars, while the F star SAO 206462 has only weak CN and HCN emission, and H2CO alone is detected toward HD 142527.
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/ApJ/720/480
- Title:
- DISCS. I. Taurus protoplanetary disk data
- Short Name:
- J/ApJ/720/480
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- Chemistry plays an important role in the structure and evolution of protoplanetary disks, with implications for the composition of comets and planets. This is the first of a series of papers based on data from DISCS (Disk Imaging Survey of Chemistry with SMA), a Submillimeter Array survey of the chemical composition of protoplanetary disks. The six Taurus sources in the program (DM Tau, AA Tau, LkCa 15, GM Aur, CQ Tau, and MWC 480) range in stellar spectral type from M1 to A4 and offer an opportunity to test the effects of stellar luminosity on the disk chemistry. The disks were observed in 10 different lines at ~3" resolution and an rms of ~100mJy/beam at ~0.5km/s.
