- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/ApJ/871/151
- Title:
- METAL Hubble program. I. Initial results
- Short Name:
- J/ApJ/871/151
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- Metal Evolution, Transport, and Abundance in the Large Magellanic Cloud (METAL) is a large cycle 24 program on the Hubble Space Telescope aimed at measuring dust extinction properties and interstellar depletions in the Large Magellanic Cloud (LMC) at half-solar metallicity. The 101-orbit program is composed of Cosmic Origins Spectrograph (COS) and Space Telescope Imaging Spectrograph (STIS) spectroscopy toward 33 LMC massive stars between 1150 and 3180{AA} and parallel Wide Field Camera 3 (WFC3) imaging in seven near-UV to near-IR filters. The fraction of silicon in the gas phase (depletion) obtained from the spectroscopy decreases with increasing hydrogen column density. Depletion patterns for silicon differ between the Milky Way, LMC, and Small Magellanic Cloud (SMC), with the silicon depletion level offsetting almost exactly the metallicity differences, leading to constant gas-phase abundances in those galaxies for a given hydrogen column density. The silicon depletion correlates linearly with the absolute-to-selective extinction, RV, indicating a link between gas depletion and dust grain size. Extinction maps are derived from the resolved stellar photometry in the parallel imaging, which can be compared to far-IR images from Herschel and Spitzer to estimate the emissivity of dust at LMC metallicity. The full METAL sample of depletions, UV extinction curves, and extinction maps will inform the abundance, size, composition, and optical properties of dust grains in the LMC, comprehensively improve our understanding of dust properties, and improve the accuracy with which dust-based gas masses, star formation rates, and star formation histories in nearby and high-redshift galaxies are estimated. This overview paper describes the goals, design, data reduction, and initial results of the METAL survey.
Number of results to display per page
Search Results
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/ApJ/737/L20
- Title:
- Metallicity dependent star formation rates
- Short Name:
- J/ApJ/737/L20
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- We derive a metallicity-dependent relation between the surface density of the star formation rate ({Sigma}_SFR_) and the gas surface density ({Sigma}_g_) in a feedback-regulated model of star formation in galactic disks. In this model, star formation occurs in gravitationally bound protocluster clumps embedded in larger giant molecular clouds with the protocluster clump mass function following a power-law function with a slope of -2. Metallicity-dependent feedback is generated by the winds of OB stars (M>~5M_{sun}_) that form in the clumps. The quenching of star formation in clumps of decreasing metallicity occurs at later epochs due to weaker wind luminosities, thus resulting in higher final star formation efficiencies (SFE_exp_). By combining SFE_exp_ with the timescales on which gas expulsion occurs, we derive the metallicity-dependent SFR per unit time in this model as a function of {Sigma}_g_. This is combined with the molecular gas fraction in order to derive the global dependence of {Sigma}_SFR_ on {Sigma}_g_. The model reproduces very well the observed star formation laws extending from low gas surface densities up to the starburst regime. Furthermore, our results show a dependence of {Sigma}_SFR_ on metallicity over the entire range of gas surface densities in contrast to other models and can also explain part of the scatter in the observations. We provide a tabulated form of the star formation laws that can easily be incorporated into numerical simulations or semi-analytical models of galaxy formation and evolution.
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/ApJ/862/110
- Title:
- Metallicity measurements in 70 nearby galaxies
- Short Name:
- J/ApJ/862/110
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- We investigate the metallicity dependence of HI surface densities in star-forming regions along many lines of sight within 70 nearby galaxies, probing kiloparsec to 50pc scales. We employ HI, SFR, stellar mass, and metallicity (gradient) measurements from the literature, spanning a wide range (5dex) in stellar and gas mass and (1.6dex) in metallicity. We consider metallicities as observed, or rescaled to match the mass-metallicity relation determined for SDSS galaxies. At intermediate to high metallicities (0.3-2 times solar), we find that the HI surface densities saturate at sufficiently large total gas surface density. The maximal HI columns vary approximately inversely with metallicity, and show little variation with spatial resolution, galactocentric radius, or among galaxies. In the central parts of massive spiral galaxies, the HI gas is depressed by factors of ~2. The observed behavior is naturally reproduced by metallicity dependent shielding theories for the HI-to-H2 transitions in star-forming galaxies. We show that the inverse scaling of the maximal HI columns with metallicity suggests that the area filling fraction of atomic-molecular complexes in galaxies is of the order of unity, and weakly dependent on metallicity.
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/ApJ/854/170
- Title:
- Methanol (CH_3_OH) and OH masers in NGC 6334I
- Short Name:
- J/ApJ/854/170
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- We report the first sub-arcsecond VLA imaging of 6GHz continuum, methanol maser, and excited-state hydroxyl maser emission toward the massive protostellar cluster NGC 6334I following the recent 2015 outburst in (sub)millimeter continuum toward MM1, the strongest (sub)millimeter source in the protocluster. In addition to detections toward the previously known 6.7GHz Class II methanol maser sites in the hot core MM2 and the UCHII region MM3 (NGC 6334F), we find new maser features toward several components of MM1, along with weaker features ~1" north, west, and southwest of MM1, and toward the nonthermal radio continuum source CM2. None of these areas have heretofore exhibited Class II methanol maser emission in three decades of observations. The strongest MM1 masers trace a dust cavity, while no masers are seen toward the strongest dust sources MM1A, 1B, and 1D. The locations of the masers are consistent with a combination of increased radiative pumping due to elevated dust grain temperature following the outburst, the presence of infrared photon propagation cavities, and the presence of high methanol column densities as indicated by ALMA images of thermal transitions. The nonthermal radio emission source CM2 (2" north of MM1) also exhibits new maser emission from the excited 6.035 and 6.030GHz OH lines. Using the Zeeman effect, we measure a line-of-sight magnetic field of +0.5 to +3.7mG toward CM2. In agreement with previous studies, we also detect numerous methanol and excited OH maser spots toward the UCHII region MM3, with predominantly negative line-of-sight magnetic field strengths of -2 to -5mG and an intriguing south-north field reversal.
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/MNRAS/409/29
- Title:
- Methanol line formation in outflow sources
- Short Name:
- J/MNRAS/409/29
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- We report the first calculations of the spectrum of methanol, arising in shock waves in molecular outflows. The small grid of shock wave models that we have computed incorporates the results of very recent computations of the rate coefficients for the collisional excitation of methanol by ortho- and para-H2 and by He. The two strongest transitions, one of A- and the other of E-type methanol, are masers that have been observed in a Class I methanol maser source, which is believed to be related to a molecular outflow. The same collisional propensities that give rise to population inversion and maser action can, in other transitions, lead to population anti-inversion and the lines appearing in absorption against the cosmic background radiation. We attempted to model specifically the outflow source L1157 B1, in which transitions of methanol have been observed recently by means of the Herschel satellite. Comparison with the predictions of the shock wave models is complicated by uncertainty in the value of the beam filling factor that should be adopted.
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/MNRAS/444/566
- Title:
- Methanol maser associated outflows
- Short Name:
- J/MNRAS/444/566
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- We have selected the positions of 54 6.7GHz methanol masers from the Methanol Multibeam Survey catalogue, covering a range of longitudes between 20{deg} and 34{deg} of the Galactic plane. These positions were mapped in the J=3-2 transition of both the ^13^CO and C^18^O lines. A total of 58 ^13^CO emission peaks are found in the vicinity of these maser positions. We search for outflows around all ^13^CO peaks, and find evidence for high-velocity gas in all cases, spatially resolving the red and blue outflow lobes in 55 cases. Of these sources, 44 have resolved kinematic distances, and are closely associated with the 6.7GHz masers, a subset referred to as Methanol Maser Associated Outflows (MMAOs). We calculate the masses of the clumps associated with each peak using 870{mu}m continuum emission from the ATLASGAL survey. A strong correlation is seen between the clump mass and both outflow mass and mechanical force, lending support to models in which accretion is strongly linked to outflow. We find that the scaling law between outflow activity and clump masses observed for low-mass objects, is also followed by the MMAOs in this study, indicating a commonality in the formation processes of low-mass and high-mass stars.
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/ApJS/215/25
- Title:
- Methyl formate (HCOOCH_3_) observations
- Short Name:
- J/ApJS/215/25
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- We have surveyed a sample of massive star-forming regions located over a range of distances from the Galactic center for methyl formate, HCOOCH_3_, and its isotopologues H^13^COOCH_3_ and HCOO^13^CH_3_. The observations were carried out with the APEX telescope in the frequency range 283.4-287.4GHz. Based on the APEX observations, we report tentative detections of the ^13^C-methyl formate isotopologue HCOO^13^CH_3_toward the following four massive star-forming regions: Sgr B2(N-LMH), NGC 6334 IRS 1, W51 e2, and G19.61-0.23. In addition, we have used the 1mm ALMA science verification observations of Orion-KL and confirm the detection of the ^13^C-methyl formate species in Orion-KL and image its spatial distribution. Our analysis shows that the ^12^C/^13^C isotope ratio in methyl formate toward the Orion-KL Compact Ridge and Hot Core-SW components (68.4+/-10.1 and 71.4+/-7.8, respectively) are, for both the ^13^C-methyl formate isotopologues, commensurate with the average ^12^C/^13^C ratio of CO derived toward Orion-KL. Likewise, regarding the other sources, our results are consistent with the ^12^C/^13^C in CO. We also report the spectroscopic characterization, which includes a complete partition function, of the complex H^13^COOCH_3_ and HCOO^13^CH_3_species. New spectroscopic data for both isotopomers H^13^COOCH_3_and HCOO^13^CH_3_, presented in this study, have made it possible to measure this fundamentally important isotope ratio in a large organic molecule for the first time.
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/A+A/587/L4
- Title:
- Methyl isocyanate in Orion
- Short Name:
- J/A+A/587/L4
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- The recent analysis of the composition of the frozen surface of comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko has revealed a significant number of complex organic molecules. Methyl isocyanate (CH_3_NCO) is one of the more abundant species detected on the comet surface. In this work we report extensive characterization of its rotational spectrum resulting in a list of 1269 confidently assigned laboratory lines and its detection in space towards the Orion clouds where 399 lines of the molecule have been unambiguously identified. We find that the limited mm-wave laboratory data reported prior to our work require some revision. The abundance of CH_3_NCO in Orion is only a factor of ten below those of HNCO and CH_3_CN. Unlike the molecular abundances in the coma of comets, which correlate with those of warm molecular clouds, molecular abundances in the gas phase in Orion are only weakly correlated with those measured on the comet surface. We also compare our abundances wit those derived recently for this molecule towards Sgr B2 (Halfen et al., 2015ApJ...812L...5H). A more accurate abundance of CH_3_NCO is provided for this cloud based on our extensive laboratory work.
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/A+A/578/A63
- Title:
- MHD shock code mhd_vode
- Short Name:
- J/A+A/578/A63
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- The planar MHD shock code_mhd vode has been developed in order to simulate both "continuous" (C) type shock waves and "jump" (J) type shock waves in the interstellar medium. The physical and chemical state of the gas in steady-state may also be computed and used as input to a shock wave model. The code is written principally in FORTRAN 90, although some routines remain in FORTRAN 77. The documented program and its input data are described and provided as supplementary material, and the results of exemplary test runs are presented. Our intention is to enable the interested user to run the code for any sensible parameter set and to comprehend the results. With applications to molecular outflow sources in mind, we have computed, and are making available as supplementary material, integrated atomic and molecular line intensities for grids of C- and J-type models; these computations are summarized in the Appendices.
530. M31 Herschel images
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/A+A/567/A71
- Title:
- M31 Herschel images
- Short Name:
- J/A+A/567/A71
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- Dust and stars play a complex game of interactions in the interstellar medium and around young stars. The imprints of these processes are visible in scaling relations between stellar characteristics, star formation parameters, and dust properties. Aims. In the present work, we aim to examine dust scaling relations on a sub-kpc resolution in the Andromeda galaxy (M31). The goal is to investigate the properties of M31 on both a global and local scale and compare them to other galaxies of the local universe. Methods. New Herschel observations are combined with available data from GALEX, SDSS, WISE, and Spitzer to construct a dataset covering UV to submm wavelengths. All images were brought to the beam size and pixel grid of the SPIRE 500um frame. This divides M31 in 22437 pixels of 36 arcseconds in size on the sky, corresponding to physical regions of 137x608pc in the galaxy's disk. A panchromatic spectral energy distribution was modelled for each pixel and maps of the physical quantities were constructed. Several scaling relations were investigated, focussing on the interactions of dust with starlight. Results. We find, on a sub-kpc scale, strong correlations between Mdust/M* and NUV-r, and between Mdust/M* and mu* (the stellar mass surface density). Striking similarities with corresponding relations based on integrated galaxies are found. We decompose M31 in four macro-regions based on their FIR morphology; the bulge, inner disk, star forming ring, and the outer disk region. In the scaling relations, all regions closely follow the galaxy-scale average trends and behave like galaxies of different morphological types. The specific star formation characteristics we derive for these macro-regions give strong hints of an inside-out formation of the bulge-disk geometry, as well as an internal downsizing process. Within each macro-region, however, a great diversity in individual micro-regions is found, regardless of the properties of the macro-regions. Furthermore, we confirm that dust in the bulge of M31 is heated only by the old stellar populations. Conclusions. In general, the local dust scaling relations indicate that the dust content in M31 is maintained by a subtle interplay of past and present star formation. The similarity with galaxy-based relations strongly suggests that they are in situ correlations, with underlying processes that must be local in nature.