- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/ApJS/145/329
- Title:
- Millennium Arecibo 21-cm Survey
- Short Name:
- J/ApJS/145/329
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- We review the theory of measuring spectral lines in emission/ absorption observations and apply it to a new survey of the 21-cm line against 79 continuum sources. We develop an observing technique and least-squares procedure to determine the opacity profile, the expected emission profile, and their uncertainty profiles. We discuss the radiative transfer for the two-component interstellar HI gas and use Gaussian components, separate ones for the warm and cold neutral media (WNM and CNM), as a practical implementation of a simple but physically correct model that successfully treats both simple and complicated profiles.
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- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/A+A/602/A37
- Title:
- Millimeter RRL in ATLASGAL-selected massive clumps
- Short Name:
- J/A+A/602/A37
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- Observations of millimeter wavelength radio recombination lines (mm-RRLs) are used to search for HII regions in an unbiased way that is complementary to many of the more traditional methods previously used (e.g., radio continuum, far-infrared colors, maser emission). The mm-RRLs can be used to derive physical properties of HII regions and to provide velocity information of ionized gas. We carried out targeted mm-RRL observations (39<= principal quantum number (n) <=65 and {Delta}n = 1, 2, 3, and 4, named Hn{alpha}, Hn{beta}, Hn{gamma}, and Hn{delta}) using the IRAM 30m and Mopra 22m telescopes. In total, we observed 976 compact dust clumps selected from a catalog of ~10000 sources identified by the APEX Telescope Large Area Survey of the Galaxy (ATLASGAL). The sample was selected to ensure a representative mix of star-forming and quiescent clumps such that a variety of different evolutionary stages is represented. Approximately half of the clumps are mid-infrared quiet while the other half are mid-infrared bright. We detected Hn{alpha} mm-RRL emission toward 178 clumps; Hn{beta}, Hn{gamma}, and Hn{delta} were also detected toward 65, 23, and 22 clumps, respectively. This is the largest sample of mm-RRLs detections published to date. Comparing the positions of these clumps with radio continuum surveys we identified compact radio counterparts for 134 clumps, confirming their association with known HII regions. The nature of the other 44 detections is unclear, but 8 detections are thought to be potentially new HII regions while the mm-RRL emission from the others may be due to contamination from nearby evolved HII regions. Broad linewidths are seen toward nine clumps (linewidth>40km/s) revealing significant turbulent motions within the ionized gas; in the past, such wide linewidths were found toward very compact and dense HII regions. We find that the systemic velocity of the associated dense molecular gas, traced by H^13^CO^+^(1-0), is consistent with the mm-RRL velocities and confirms them as embedded HII regions. We also find that the linewidth of the H^13^CO^+^(1-0) emission is significantly wider than those without mm-RRL detection, indicating a physical connection between the embedded H II region and their natal environments. We also find a correlation between the integrated fluxes of the mm-RRLs and the 6cm continuum flux densities of their radio counterparts (the correlation coefficient, {rho}, is 0.70). By calculating the electron densities we find that the mm-RRL emission is associated with HII regions with n_e_<10^5^cm^3^ and HII region diameter >0.03pc. We detected mm-RRLs toward 178 clumps and identified eight new HII region candidates. The broad mm-RRL from nine clumps may indicate that they arise in very young hyper-compact HII regions. The mm-RRLs trace the radio continuum sources detected by high-resolution observations and their line parameters show associations with the embedded radio sources and their parental molecular clumps.
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/A+A/591/A75
- Title:
- Millimeter wave spectrum of methyl cyanate
- Short Name:
- J/A+A/591/A75
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- The recent discovery of methyl isocyanate (CH_3_NCO) in Sgr B2(N) and Orion KL makes methyl cyanate (CH_3_OCN) a potential molecule in the interstellar medium. The aim of this work is to fulfill the first requirement for its unequivocal identification in space, i.e. the availability of transition frequencies with high accuracy. The room-temperature rotational spectrum of methyl cyanate was recorded in the millimeter wave domain from 130 to 350GHz. All rotational transitions revealed A-E splitting owing to methyl internal rotation and were globally analyzed using the ERHAM program. The data set for the ground torsional state of methyl cyanate exceeds 700 transitions within J"=10-35 and K"a=0-13 and newly derived spectroscopic constants reproduce the spectrum close to the experimental uncertainty. Spectral features of methyl cyanate were then searched for in Orion KL, Sgr B2(N), B1-b, and TMC-1 molecular clouds. Upper limits to the column density of methyl cyanate are provided.
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/A+A/577/A91
- Title:
- Millimeter wave spectrum of vinyl acetate
- Short Name:
- J/A+A/577/A91
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- The recent discovery of methyl acetate in Orion KL makes vinyl acetate, CH3-(C=O)-O-CH=CH2, a potential molecule in the interstellar medium.We obtained very accurate spectroscopic constants in a comprehensive laboratory analysis of its rotational spectra which can be used to predict those transition frequencies towards interstellar sources. We present the experimental study and theoretical analysis of the ground torsional state of vinyl acetate in a large spectral range for astrophysical use. The room-temperature rotational spectrum of vinyl acetate has been measured from 125 to 305GHz to provide direct frequencies to the astronomical community. Additional measurements have also been made using a broadband CP-FTMWspectrometer in the region of 6 - 18 GHz. Transition lines, corresponding to the most stable conformer, have been observed and assigned. All the rotational transitions revealed the A-E splitting due to the methyl internal rotation and had to be treated with a specific internal rotation code (BELGI-Cs). We analyzed 2508 transitions up to J"=75 for vt=0 for the most stable conformer of vinyl acetate. The new lines were globally fitted with previously published data and 24 parameters of the Hamiltonian were accurately determined. The spectral features of vinyl acetate were then searched for in Orion KL. Using the whole line survey of Orion KL (80-280GHz) obtained with the IRAM 30m radio telescope we can provide only an upper limit to the column density of vinyl acetate. However, using the ALMA Science Verification data we obtain a tentative detection of this species that will require further search at other frequencies to confirm its presence in this high mass star forming region.
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/ApJ/641/389
- Title:
- Millimetric observations of IRDC cores
- Short Name:
- J/ApJ/641/389
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- Infrared dark clouds (IRDCs) are dense molecular clouds seen as extinction features against the bright mid-infrared Galactic background. Millimeter continuum maps toward 38 IRDCs reveal extended cold dust emission to be associated with each of the IRDCs. IRDCs range in morphology from filamentary to compact and have masses of 120 to 16000M_{sun}_, with a median mass of 940M_{sun}_. Each IRDC contains at least one compact (0.5pc) dust core and most show multiple cores. We find 140 cold millimeter cores unassociated with MSX 8{mu}m emission.
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/ApJ/895/38
- Title:
- MIR extinction toward Cyg OB2-12 ISM
- Short Name:
- J/ApJ/895/38
- Date:
- 11 Mar 2022
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- The sight line toward the luminous blue hypergiant CygOB2-12 is widely used to study interstellar dust on account of its large extinction (AV~10mag) and the fact that this extinction appears to be dominated by dust typical of the diffuse interstellar medium. We present a new analysis of archival Infrared Space Observatory Short Wavelength Spectrometer and Spitzer IRS observations of CygOB2-12 using a model of the emission from the star and its stellar wind to determine the total extinction A{lambda} from 2.4 to 37{mu}m. In addition to the prominent 9.7 and 18{mu}m silicate features, we robustly detect absorption features associated with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, including the first identification of the 7.7{mu}m feature in absorption. The 3.3{mu}m aromatic feature is found to be much broader in absorption than is typically seen in emission. The 3.4 and 6.85{mu}m aliphatic hydrocarbon features are observed with relative strengths that are consistent with observations of these features on sight lines toward the Galactic center. We identify and characterize more than 60 spectral lines in this wavelength range, which may be useful in constraining models of the star and its stellar wind. Based on this analysis, we present an extinction curve A_{lambda}_/A_2.2{mu}m_ that extrapolates smoothly to determinations of the mean Galactic extinction curve at shorter wavelengths and to dust opacities inferred from emission at longer wavelengths, providing a new constraint on models of interstellar dust in the mid-infrared.
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/ApJ/846/71
- Title:
- M51 ISM structures from the CO maps of PAWS
- Short Name:
- J/ApJ/846/71
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- We compare the structure of molecular gas at 40pc resolution to the ability of gas to form stars across the disk of the spiral galaxy M51. We break the PdBI Arcsecond Whirlpool Survey (PAWS; Schinnerer+ 2013ApJ...779...42S) into 370pc and 1.1kpc resolution elements, and within each we estimate the molecular gas depletion time ({tau}_Dep_^mol^), the star-formation efficiency per free-fall time ({epsilon}_ff_), and the mass-weighted cloud-scale (40pc) properties of the molecular gas: surface density, {Sigma}, line width, {sigma}, and b={Sigma}/{sigma}^2^{propto}{alpha}_vir_^-1^, a parameter that traces the boundedness of the gas. We show that the cloud-scale surface density appears to be a reasonable proxy for mean volume density. Applying this, we find a typical star-formation efficiency per free-fall time, {epsilon}_ff_(<{Sigma}_40pc_>)~0.3%-0.36%, lower than adopted in many models and found for local clouds. Furthermore, the efficiency per free-fall time anti-correlates with both {Sigma} and {sigma}, in some tension with turbulent star-formation models. The best predictor of the rate of star formation per unit gas mass in our analysis is b={Sigma}/{sigma}^2^, tracing the strength of self-gravity, with {tau}_Dep_^mol^{propto}b^-0.9^. The sense of the correlation is that gas with stronger self-gravity (higher b) forms stars at a higher rate (low {tau}_Dep_^mol^). The different regions of the galaxy mostly overlap in {tau}_Dep_^mol^ as a function of b, so that low b explains the surprisingly high {tau}_Dep_^mol^ found toward the inner spiral arms found by Meidt et al. (2013ApJ...779...45M).
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/A+A/623/A171
- Title:
- Mkn 848 MaNGA 3-D data cube
- Short Name:
- J/A+A/623/A171
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- The characterisation of galaxy-scale outflows in terms of their multi-phase and multi-scale nature, amount, and effects of flowing material is crucial to place constraints on models of galaxy formation and evolution. This study can proceed only with the detailed investigation of individual targets. We present a spatially resolved spectroscopic optical data analysis of Mkn 848, a complex system consisting of two merging galaxies at z~0.04 that are separated by a projected distance of 7.5kpc. Motivated by the presence of a multi-phase outflow in the north-west system revealed by the SDSS integrated spectrum, we analysed the publicly available MaNGA data, which cover almost the entire merging system, to study the kinematic and physical properties of cool and warm gas in detail. Galaxy-wide outflowing gas in multiple phases is revealed for the first time in the two merging galaxies. We also detect spatially resolved resonant NaID emission associated with the outflows. The derived outflow energetics (mass rate, and kinetic and momentum power) may be consistent with a scenario in which both winds are accelerated by stellar processes and AGN activity, although we favour an AGN origin given the high outflow velocities and the ionisation conditions observed in the outflow regions. Further deeper multi-wavelength observations are required, however, to better constrain the nature of these multi-phase outflows. Outflow energetics in the north-west system are strongly different between the ionised and atomic gas components, the latter of which is associated with mass outflow rate and kinetic and momentum powers that are one or two dex higher; those associated with the south-east galaxy are instead similar. Strong kiloparsec-scale outflows are revealed in an ongoing merger system, suggesting that feedback can potentially impact the host galaxy even in the early merger phases. The characterisation of the neutral and ionised gas phases has proved to be crucial for a comprehensive study of the outflow phenomena.
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/A+A/545/A51
- Title:
- 1.4mm and 3mm interferometry of IRAS 19410+2336
- Short Name:
- J/A+A/545/A51
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- The core mass functions (CMFs) of low-mass star-forming regions are found to resemble the shape of the initial mass function (IMF). A similar result is observed for the dust clumps in high-mass star-forming regions, although on spatial scales of clusters that do not resolve the substructure that is found in these massive clumps. The region IRAS 19410+2336 is one exception, having been observed on spatial scales on the order of ~2500AU, which are sufficient to resolve the clump substructure into individual cores. We investigate the protostellar content of IRAS 19410+2336 at high spatial resolution at 1.4mm, determining the temperature structure of the region and deriving its CMF. The massive star-forming region IRAS 19410+2336 was mapped with the PdBI (BCD configurations) at 1.4mm and 3mm in the continuum and several transitions of formaldehyde (H_2_CO) and methyl cyanide (CH_3_CN). The H_2_CO transitions were also observed with the IRAM 30m Telescope. We detect 26 continuum sources at 1.4mm with a spatial resolution as low as ~2200AU, several of them with counterparts at near-infrared and mid-infrared wavelengths, distributed in two (proto)clusters. With the PdBI CH_3_CN and PdBI/IRAM 30m H_2_CO emission, we derive the temperature structure of the region, ranging from 35K to 90K. Using these temperatures, we calculate the core masses of the detected sources, ranging from ~0.7M_{sun}_ to ~8M_{sun}_. These masses are strongly affected by the spatial filtering of the interferometer, which removes a common envelope with ~90% of the single- dish flux. Considering only the detected dense cores and accounting for binning effects as well as cumulative distributions, we derive a CMF, with a power-law index b=~2.3+/-0.2. We resolve the Jeans length of the (proto)clusters by one order of magnitude, and only find a small velocity dispersion between the different subsources. Since we cannot unambiguously differentiate between protostellar and prestellar cores, the derived CMF is not prestellar. Furthermore, because of the large fraction of missing flux, we cannot establish a firm link between the CMF and the IMF. This implies that future high-mass CMF studies will need to complement the interferometer continuum data with the short spacing information, a task suitable for ALMA. We note that the method of extracting temperatures using H_2_CO lines becomes less applicable when reaching the dense core scales of the interferometric observations because most of the H_2_CO appears to originate in the envelope structure.
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/A+A/447/609
- Title:
- 1.2mm continuum observations in rho Oph cloud
- Short Name:
- J/A+A/447/609
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- We have performed a wide field survey for dust sources at 1.2-millimetres in the rho Ophiuchi molecular cloud, covering more than 1 square degree in an unbiased fashion. We detect a number of previously unknown sources, ranging from extended cores over compact, starless cores to envelopes surrounding young stellar objects of Class 0, Class I, and Class II type. We analyse the mass distribution, spatial distribution and the potential equilibrium of the cores.