- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/A+A/589/A28
- Title:
- N66, N88 & N25+N26 emission line maps
- Short Name:
- J/A+A/589/A28
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- This paper presents [CII], [CI] and CO emission line maps of the star-forming regions N66, N25+N26, and N88 in the metal-poor Local Group dwarf galaxy SMC. The spatial and velocity structure of the large HII region N66 reveals an expanding ring of shocked molecular gas centered on the exciting star cluster NGC346, whereas a more distant dense molecular cloud is being eroded by UV radiation from the same cluster. In the N25+N26 and N88 maps, diffuse [CII] emission at a relatively low surface brightness extends well beyond the compact boundaries of the bright emission associated with the HII regions. In all regions, the distribution of this bright [CII] emission and the less prominent [CI] emission closely follows the outline of the CO complexes, but the intensity of the [CII] and [CI] emission is generally anticorrelated, which can be understood by the action of photodissociation and photoionization processes. Notwithstanding the overall similarity of CO and [CII] maps, the intensity ratio of these lines varies significantly, mostly due to changes in CO brightness. [CII] emission line profiles are up to 50% wider in velocity than corresponding CO profiles. A radiative transfer analysis shows that the [CII] line is the dominant tracer of (CO-dark) molecular hydrogen in the SMC. CO emission traces only a minor fraction of the total amount of gas. The similarity of the spatial distribution and line profile shape, and the dominance of molecular gas associated with CII rather than CO emission imply that in the low-metallicity environment of the SMC the small amount of dense molecular gas traced by CO is embedded in the much more extended molecular gas traced only by [CII] emission. The contribution from neutral atomic and ionized hydrogen zones is negligible in the star-forming regions observed
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Search Results
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/ApJ/883/156
- Title:
- Nobeyama 45m Cygnus-X CO. II. C180 clumps
- Short Name:
- J/ApJ/883/156
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- We report the statistical physical properties of the C^18^O(J=1-0) clumps present in a prominent cluster-forming region, Cygnus X, using the data set obtained by the Nobeyama 45m radio telescope. This survey covers 9deg^2^ of the northern and southern regions of Cygnus X, and, in total, 174 C^18^O clumps are identified using the dendrogram method. Assuming a distance of 1.4kpc, these clumps have radii of 0.2-1pc, velocity dispersions of <2.2km/s, gas masses of 30-3000M_{sun}_, and H_2_ densities of (0.2-5.5)x10^4^cm^-3^. We confirm that the C^18^O clumps in the northern region have a higher H_2_ density than those in the southern region, supporting the existence of a difference in the evolutionary stages, consistent with the star-formation activity of these regions. The difference in the clump properties of the star-forming and starless clumps is also confirmed by the radius, velocity dispersion, gas mass, and H_2_ density. The average virial ratio of 0.3 supports that these clumps are gravitationally bound. The C^18^O clump mass function shows two spectral index components, {alpha}=-1.4 in 55-140M_{sun}_ and {alpha}=-2.1 in >140M_{sun}_, which are consistent with the low- and intermediate-mass parts of the Kroupa's initial mass function. The spectral index of the star-forming clumps >140M_{sun}_ is consistent with that of the starless clumps ranging from 55-140M_{sun}_, suggesting that the latter will evolve into star-forming clumps while retaining the gas accretion. Assuming a typical star-formation efficiency of molecular clumps (10%), about 10 C^18^O clumps having a gas mass of >10^3^M_{sun}_ will evolve into open clusters containing one or more OB stars.
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/A+A/637/A12
- Title:
- Northern disk of M31 XMM-Newton images
- Short Name:
- J/A+A/637/A12
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- We use new deep XMM-Newton observations of the northern disk of M31 to trace the hot interstellar medium (ISM) in unprecedented detail and to characterise the physical properties of the X-ray emitting plasmas. We used all XMM-Newton data up to and including our new observations to produce the most detailed image yet of the hot ISM plasma in a grand design spiral galaxy such as our own. We compared the X-ray morphology to multi-wavelength studies in the literature to set it in the context of the multi-phase ISM. We performed spectral analyses on the extended emission using our new observations as they offer sufficient depth and count statistics to constrain the plasma properties. Data from the Panchromatic Hubble Andromeda Treasury were used to estimate the energy injected by massive stars and their supernovae. We compared these results to the hot gas properties. The brightest emission regions were found to be correlated with populations of massive stars, notably in the 10kpc star-forming ring. The plasma temperatures in the ring regions are ~0.2keV up to ~0.6keV. We suggest this emission is hot ISM heated in massive stellar clusters and superbubbles. We derived X-ray luminosities, densities, and pressures for the gas in each region. We also found large extended emission filling low density gaps in the dust morphology of the northern disk, notably between the 5kpc and 10kpc star-forming rings. We propose that the hot gas was heated and expelled into the gaps by the populations of massive stars in the rings. It is clear that the massive stellar populations are responsible for heating the ISM to X-ray emitting temperatures, filling their surroundings, and possibly driving the hot gas into the low density regions. Overall, the morphology and spectra of the hot gas in the northern disk of M 31 is similar to other galaxy disks.
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/A+A/644/A73
- Title:
- Nulling of 20 pulsars
- Short Name:
- J/A+A/644/A73
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- Most of pulsar nulling observations were conducted at frequencies lower than 1400MHz. We aim to understand the nulling behaviors of pulsars at relatively high frequency, and to check if nulling is caused by a global change of pulsar magnetosphere. 20 bright pulsars are observed at 2250MHz with unprecedented lengths of time by using Jiamusi 66m telescope. Nulling fractions of these pulsars are estimated, and the null and emission states of pulses are identified. Nulling degrees and scales of the emission-null pairs are calculated to describe the distributions of emission and null lengths. Three pulsars, PSRs J0248+6021, J0543+2329 and J1844+00, are found to null for the first time. The details of null-to-emission and emission-to-null transitions within pulse window are first observed for PSR J1509+5531, which is a small probability event. A complete cycle of long nulls for hours is observed for PSR J1709-1640. For most of these pulsars, the K-S tests of nulling degrees and nulling scales reject the hypothesis that null and emission are of random processes at high significance levels. Emission-null sequences of some pulsars exhibit quasi-periodic, low-frequency or featureless modulations, which might be related to different origins. During transitions between emission and null states, pulse intensities have diverse tendencies for variations. Significant correlations are found for nulling fraction, nulling cadence and nulling scales with the energy loss rate of the pulsars. Combined with the nulling fractions reported in literatures for 146 nulling pulsars, we found that statistically large nulling fractions are more tightly related to pulsar period than to characteristic age or energy loss rate.
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/ApJ/707/103
- Title:
- Observation of Ser FIRS 1 at 230GHz
- Short Name:
- J/ApJ/707/103
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- We present the first results of a program to characterize the disk and envelope structure of typical Class 0 protostars in nearby low-mass star-forming regions. We use Spitzer Infrared Spectrograph (IRS) mid-infrared spectra, high-resolution Combined Array for Research in Millimeter-wave Astronomy (CARMA) 230GHz continuum imaging, and two-dimensional radiative transfer models to constrain the envelope structure, as well as the size and mass of the circumprotostellar disk in Serpens FIRS 1. The primary envelope parameters (centrifugal radius, outer radius, outflow opening angle, and inclination) are well constrained by the spectral energy distribution (SED), including Spitzer IRAC and MIPS photometry, IRS spectra, and 1.1mm Bolocam photometry. These together with the excellent uv-coverage (4.5-500k{lambda}) of multiple antenna configurations with CARMA allow for a robust separation of the envelope and a resolved disk. The SED of Serpens FIRS 1 is best fit by an envelope with the density profile of a rotating, collapsing spheroid with an inner (centrifugal) radius of approximately 600AU, and the millimeter data by a large resolved disk with M_disk_~1.0M_{sun}_ and R_disk_~300AU.
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/ApJ/778/16
- Title:
- Observations of HCO^+^ in NGC 7293
- Short Name:
- J/ApJ/778/16
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- The J=1->0 transition of HCO^+^ at 89GHz has been mapped across the Helix Nebula (NGC 7293) with 70" spatial resolution (1.68km/s velocity resolution) using the Arizona Radio Observatory 12m telescope. This work is the first large-scale mapping project of a dense gas tracer (n(H_2_)~10^5^/cm3) in old planetary nebulae. Observations of over 200 positions encompassing the classical optical image were conducted with a 3{sigma} noise level of ~20mK. HCO^+^ was detected at most positions, often exhibiting multiple velocity components indicative of complex kinematic structures in dense gas. The HCO^+^ spectra suggest that the Helix is composed of a bipolar, barrel-like structure with red- and blue-shifted halves, symmetric with respect to the central star and oriented ~10{deg} east from the line of sight. A second bipolar, higher velocity outflow exists as well, situated along the direction of the Helix "plumes." The column density of HCO^+^ across the Helix is N_tot_~1.5x10^10^-5.0x10^11^/cm2, with an average value N_ave_~1x10^11^/cm2, corresponding to an abundance, relative to H_2_, of f~1.4x10^-8^. This value is similar to that observed in young PN, and contradicts chemical models, which predict that the abundance of HCO^+^ decreases with nebular age. This study indicates that polyatomic molecules readily survive the ultraviolet field of the central white dwarf, and can be useful in tracing nebular morphology in the very late stages of stellar evolution.
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/ApJ/880/138
- Title:
- Observed transitions of CH_3_OH and CH_3_CHO
- Short Name:
- J/ApJ/880/138
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- IRAM 30m Observations toward eight protostellar outflow sources were taken in the 96-176GHz range. Transitions of CH_3_OH and CH_3_CHO were detected in seven of them. The integrated emissions of the transitions of each species that fell into the observed frequency range were measured and fit using RADEX and LTE models. Column densities and gas properties inferred from this fitting are presented. The ratio of the A and E-type isomers of CH_3_OH indicates that the methanol observed in these outflows was formed on the grain surface. Both species demonstrate a reduction of terminal velocity in their line profiles in faster outflows, indicating destruction in the post-shock gas phase. This destruction, and a near constant ratio of the CH_3_OH and CH_3_CHO column densities, imply it is most likely that CH_3_CHO also forms on the grain surface.
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/A+A/655/L2
- Title:
- OGHReS 12CO(2-1) data cubes
- Short Name:
- J/A+A/655/L2
- Date:
- 10 Mar 2022 07:17:54
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- Filaments are a ubiquitous morphological feature of the molecular interstellar medium and are identified as sites of star formation. In recent years, more than 100 large-scale filaments (with length >10pc) have been observed in the inner Milky Way. As they appear linked to Galactic dynamics, studying those structures represents an opportunity to link kpc-scale phenomena to the physics of star formation, which operates on much smaller scales. In this letter, we use newly acquired Outer Galaxy High Resolution Survey (OGHReS) ^12^CO(2-1) data to demonstrate that a significant number of large-scale filaments are present in the outer Galaxy as well. The 37 filaments identified appear tightly associated to inter-arm regions. In addition, their masses and linear masses are, on average, one order of magnitude lower than similar-sized molecular filaments located in the inner Galaxy, showing that Milky Way dynamics is able to create very elongated features in spite of the lower gas supply in the Galactic outskirts.
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/A+A/459/85
- Title:
- O/H and gas densities in star-forming galaxies
- Short Name:
- J/A+A/459/85
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- Generally the gas metallicity in distant galaxies can only be inferred by using a few prominent emission lines. Various theoretical models have been used to predict the relationship between emission line fluxes and metallicity, suggesting that some line ratios can be used as diagnostics of the gas metallicity in galaxies. However, accurate empirical calibrations of these emission line flux ratios from real galaxy spectra spanning a wide metallicity range are still lacking. In this paper we provide such empirical calibrations by using the combination of two sets of spectroscopic data: one consisting of low-metallicity galaxies with a measurement of [O III]{lambda}4363 taken from the literature, including spectra from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS), and the other one consisting of galaxies in the SDSS database whose gas metallicity has been determined from various strong emission lines in their spectra. This combined data set constitutes the largest sample of galaxies with information on the gas metallicity available so far and spanning the widest metallicity range. By using these data we obtain accurate empirical relations between gas metallicity and several emission line diagnostics, including the R23 parameter, the [NII]{lambda}6584/H{alpha} and [O III]{lambda}5007/[NII]{lambda}6584 ratios.
640. OH masers in W3(OH)
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/ApJ/668/331
- Title:
- OH masers in W3(OH)
- Short Name:
- J/ApJ/668/331
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- Recent studies of methanol and ground-state OH masers at very high spectral resolution have shed new light on small-scale maser processes. The nearby source W3(OH), which contains numerous bright masers in several different transitions, provides an excellent laboratory for high spectral resolution techniques. We present a model of W3(OH) based on European VLBI Network (EVN) observations of the rotationally excited 6030 and 6035MHz OH masers taken at 0.024km/s spectral resolution.