- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/A+A/609/A123
- Title:
- SABOCA imaging of G304.74+01.32
- Short Name:
- J/A+A/609/A123
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- We aim to determine the occurrence of fragmentation into cores in the clumps of the filamentary IRDC G304.74+01.32. We also aim to determine the basic physical characteristics of the clumps and cores in G304.74. We mapped the G304.74 filament at 350 micron using the SABOCA bolometer. The new SABOCA data have a factor of 2.2 times higher resolution than our previous LABOCA 870 micron map of the cloud (9" versus 19.86"). We also employed the Herschel far-IR and submillimetre, and WISE IR imaging data available for G304.74. The WISE data allowed us to trace the IR emission of the YSOs associated with the cloud. The SABOCA 350 micron data show that G304.74 is composed of a dense filamentary structure with a mean width of only 0.18+/-0.05pc. The percentage of LABOCA clumps that are found to be fragmented into SABOCA cores is 36%+/-16%, but the irregular morphology of some of the cores suggests that this multiplicity fraction could be higher. The WISE data suggest that 65%+/-18% of the SABOCA cores host YSOs. The mean dust temperature of the clumps, derived by comparing the Herschel 250, 350, and 500 micron flux densities, was found to be 15.0+/-0.8K. The mean mass, beam-averaged H_2_ column density, and H_2_ number density of the LABOCA clumps are estimated to be 55+/-10M_{sun}_, (2.0+/-0.2)x10^22^cm^-2^, and (3.1+/-0.2)x10^4^cm^-3^. The corresponding values for the SABOCA cores are 29+/-3M_{sun}_, (2.9+/-0.3)x10^22^cm^-2^, and (7.9+/-1.2)x10^4^cm^-3^. The G304.74 filament is estimated to be thermally supercritical by a factor of >~3.5 on the scale probed by LABOCA, and by a factor of >~1.5 for the SABOCA filament. Our data strongly suggest that the IRDC G304.74 has undergone hierarchical fragmentation. On the scale where the clumps have fragmented into cores, the process can be explained in terms of gravitational Jeans instability. Besides the filament being fragmented, the finding of embedded YSOs in G304.74 indicates its thermally supercritical state, although the potential non-thermal (turbulent) motions can render the cloud a virial equilibrium system on scale traced by LABOCA. The IRDC G304.74 has a seahorse-like morphology in the Herschel images, and the filament appears to be attached by elongated, perpendicular striations. This is potentially evidence that G304.74 is still accreting mass from the surrounding medium, and the accretion process can contribute to the dynamical evolution of the main filament. One of the clumps in G304.74, IRAS 13039-6108, is already known to be associated with high-mass star formation, but the remaining clumps and cores in this filament might preferentially form low and intermediate-mass stars owing to their mass reservoirs and sizes. Besides the presence of perpendicularly oriented, dusty striations and potential embedded intermediate-mass YSOs, G304.74 is a relatively nearby (d~2.5kpc) IRDC, which makes it a useful target for future star formation studies. Owing to its observed morphology, we propose that G304.74 could be nicknamed the Seahorse Nebula. Description: The SABOCA 350 micron and LABOCA 870 micron dust continuum maps of G304.74+01.32. The data were reduced using the CRUSH-2 software
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- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/PASP/122/683
- Title:
- SAGE-Spec Spitzer legacy program
- Short Name:
- J/PASP/122/683
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- The SAGE-Spec Spitzer Legacy program is a spectroscopic follow-up to the SAGE-LMC photometric survey of the Large Magellanic Cloud carried out with the Spitzer Space Telescope. We present an overview of SAGE-Spec and some of its first results. The SAGE-Spec program aims to study the life cycle of gas and dust in the Large Magellanic Cloud and to provide information essential to the classification of the point sources observed in the earlier SAGE-LMC photometric survey. We acquired 224.6h of observations using the infrared spectrograph and the spectral energy distribution (SED) mode of the Multiband Imaging Photometer for Spitzer. The SAGE-Spec data, along with archival Spitzer spectroscopy of objects in the Large Magellanic Cloud, are reduced and delivered to the community. We discuss the observing strategy, the specific data-reduction pipelines applied, and the dissemination of data products to the scientific community. Initial science results include the first detection of an extragalactic 21um feature toward an evolved star and elucidation of the nature of disks around RV Tauri stars in the Large Magellanic Cloud. Toward some young stars, ice features are observed in absorption. We also serendipitously observed a background quasar, at a redshift of z~~0.14, which appears to be hostless.
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/A+A/641/A168
- Title:
- Sample of 31 dwarf and 18 Lyman-Break galaxies
- Short Name:
- J/A+A/641/A168
- Date:
- 10 Mar 2022 07:07:07
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- The chemical enrichment in the interstellar medium (ISM) of galaxies is regulated by several physical processes: star birth and death, grain formation and destruction, and galactic inflows and outflows. Understanding such processes and their relative importance is essential to following galaxy evolution and the chemical enrichment through the cosmic epochs, and to interpreting current and future observations. Despite the importance of such topics, the contribution of different stellar sources to the chemical enrichment of galaxies, for example massive stars exploding as Type II supernovae (SNe) and low-mass stars, as well as the mechanisms driving the evolution of dust grains, such as for example grain growth in the ISM and destruction by SN shocks, remain controversial from both observational and theoretical viewpoints. In this work, we revise the current description of metal and dust evolution in the ISM of local low-metallicity dwarf galaxies and develop a new description of Lyman-break galaxies (LBGs) which are considered to be their high-redshift counterparts in terms of star formation, stellar mass, and metallicity. Our goal is to reproduce the observed properties of such galaxies, in particular (i) the peak in dust mass over total stellar mass (sMdust) observed within a few hundred million years; and (ii) the decrease in sMdust at a later time. We fitted spectral energy distribution (SED) of dwarf galaxies and LBGs with the 'Code Investigating GALaxies Emission' (CIGALE), through which the total stellar mass, dust mass, and star formation rate are estimated. For some of the dwarf galaxies considered, the metal and gas content are available from the literature. We computed different prescriptions for metal and dust evolution in these systems (e.g. different initial mass functions for stars, dust condensation fractions, SN destruction, dust accretion in the ISM, and inflow and outflow efficiency), and we fitted the properties of the observed galaxies through the predictions of the models. Only some combinations of models are able to reproduce the observed trend and simultaneously fit the observed properties of the galaxies considered. In particular, we show that (i) a top-heavy initial mass function that favours the formation of massive stars and a dust condensation fraction for Type II SNe of around 50% or more help to reproduce the peak of sMdust observed after ~100Myr from the beginning of the baryon cycle for both dwarf galaxies and LBGs; (ii) galactic outflows play a crucial role in reproducing the observed decline in sMdust with age and are more efficient than grain destruction from Type II SNe both in local galaxies and at high-redshift; (iii) a star formation efficiency (mass of gas converted into stars) of a few percent is required to explain the observed metallicity of local dwarf galaxies; and (iv) dust growth in the ISM is not necessary in order to reproduce the values of sMdust derived for the galaxies under study, and, if present, the effect of this process would be erased by galactic outflows.
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/ApJ/756/29
- Title:
- Scintillation of AGNs observed with the VLA
- Short Name:
- J/ApJ/756/29
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- The fraction of compact active galactic nuclei (AGNs) that exhibit interstellar scintillation (ISS) at radio wavelengths, as well as their scintillation amplitudes, have been found to decrease significantly for sources at redshifts z>~2. This can be attributed to an increase in the angular sizes of the {mu}as-scale cores or a decrease in the flux densities of the compact {mu}as cores relative to that of the mas-scale components with increasing redshift, possibly arising from (1) the space-time curvature of an expanding universe, (2) AGN evolution, (3) source selection biases, (4) scatter broadening in the ionized intergalactic medium (IGM) and intervening galaxies, or (5) gravitational lensing. We examine the frequency scaling of this redshift dependence of ISS to determine its origin, using data from a dual-frequency survey of ISS of 128 sources at 0<~z<~4. We present a novel method of analysis which accounts for selection effects in the source sample.
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/ApJS/234/22
- Title:
- SCUBA-2 Galactic Center compact source catalog
- Short Name:
- J/ApJS/234/22
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- We present new JCMT SCUBA-2 observations of the Galactic Center region from 355{deg}<l<5{deg} and b<+/-1{deg}, covering 10x2 square degrees along the Galactic Plane to a depth of 43mJy/beam at 850{mu}m and 360mJy/beam at 450{mu}m. We describe the mapping strategy and reduction method used. We present ^12^CO(3-2) observations of selected regions in the field. We derive the molecular-line conversion factors (mJy/beam per K.km/s) at 850 and 450{mu}m, which are then used to obtain the amount of contamination in the continuum maps due to ^12^CO(3-2) emission in the 850{mu}m band. Toward the fields where the CO contamination has been accounted for, we present an 850{mu}m CO-corrected compact source catalog. Finally, we look for possible physical trends in the CO contamination with respect to column density, mass, and concentration. No trends were seen in the data despite the recognition of three contributors to CO contamination: opacity, shocks, and temperature, which would be expected to relate to physical conditions. These SCUBA-2 Galactic Center data are available via http://doi.org/10.11570/17.0009.
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/ApJS/182/143
- Title:
- SCUPOL Legacy polarimetry of SCUBA
- Short Name:
- J/ApJS/182/143
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- SCUPOL, the polarimeter for SCUBA on the James Clerk Maxwell Telescope, was the most prolific thermal imaging polarimeter built to date. Between 1997 and 2005, observations of 104 regions were made at 850um in the mapping mode. The instrument has produced ~50 refereed journal publications, and that number is still growing. We have systematically re-reduced all imaging polarimetry made in the standard "jiggle-map" mode from the SCUBA archive (2800+ individual observations) to produce a catalog of SCUPOL images and tables. We present the results of our analysis with figures and data tables produced for all 83 regions where significant polarization was detected. In addition, the reduced data cubes and data tables can be accessed online. In many cases, the data included in this paper have been previously published elsewhere. However, this publication includes unpublished data sets, in whole or in part, toward 39 regions, including cores in Rho Ophiuchus, Orion's OMC-2 region, several young stellar objects, and the galaxy M87.
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/A+A/577/A30
- Title:
- SDC335.579-0.292 6, 8, 23 and 25GHz images
- Short Name:
- J/A+A/577/A30
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- Recent ALMA observations identified one of the most massive star-forming cores yet observed in the Milky Way: SDC335-MM1, within the infrared dark cloud SDC335.579-0.292. Along with an accompanying core MM2, SDC335 appears to be in the early stages of its star formation process. We aim to constrain the properties of the stars forming within these two massive millimetre sources. Observations of SDC335 at 6, 8, 23 and 25GHz were made with the Australia Telescope Compact Array.We report the results of these continuum measurements, which combined with archival data, allow us to build and analyse the spectral energy distributions (SEDs) of the compact sources in SDC335.
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/A+A/645/A142
- Title:
- SDC G335.579-0.292 ALMA images and datacubes
- Short Name:
- J/A+A/645/A142
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- The infrared dark cloud (IRDC) SDC335.579-0.292 (hereafter, SDC335) is a massive (~5000 solar masses) star-forming cloud which has been found to be globally collapsing towards one of the most massive star forming cores in the Galaxy, which is located at its centre. SDC335 is known to host three high-mass protostellar objects at early stages of their evolution and archival ALMA Cycle 0 data (at ~5 arcsecond resolution) indicate the presence of at least one molecular outflow in the region detected in HNC. Observations of molecular outflows from massive protostellar objects allow us to estimate the accretion rates of the protostars as well as to assess the disruptive impact that stars have on their natal clouds during their formation. The aim of this work is to identify and analyse the properties of the protostellar-driven molecular outflows within SDC335 and use these outflows to help refine the properties of the young massive protostars in this cloud. We imaged the molecular outflows in SDC335 using new data from the Australia Telescope Compact Array (ATCA) of SiO and Class I CH_3_OH maser emission (at a resolution of ~3 arcsecond) alongside} observations of four CO transitions made with the Atacama Pathfinder EXperiment (APEX) and archival Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA) CO, 13CO (~1 arcsecond), and HNC data. We introduced a generalised argument to constrain outflow inclination angles based on observed outflow properties. We then used the properties of each outflow to infer the accretion rates on the protostellar sources driving them. These accretion properties allowed us to deduce the evolutionary characteristics of the sources. Shock-tracing SiO emission and CH_3_OH Class I maser emission allowed us to locate regions of interaction between the outflows and material infalling to the central region via the filamentary arms of SDC335.
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/A+A/561/A83
- Title:
- SDC13 infrared dark clouds spectra
- Short Name:
- J/A+A/561/A83
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- Formation of stars is now believed to be tightly linked to the dynamical evolution of interstellar filaments in which they form. In this paper we analyze the density structure and kinematics of a small network of infrared dark filaments, SDC13, observed in both dust continuum and molecular line emission with the IRAM 30m telescope. These observations reveal the presence of 18 compact sources amongst which the two most massive, MM1 and MM2, are located at the intersection point of the parsec-long filaments. The dense gas velocity and velocity dispersion observed along these filaments show smooth, strongly correlated, gradients. We discuss the origin of the SDC13 velocity field in the context of filament longitudinal collapse. We show that the collapse timescale of the SDC13 filaments (from 1Myr to 4Myr depending on the model parameters) is consistent with the presence of Class I sources in them, and argue that, on top of bringing more material to the centre of the system, collapse could generate additional kinematic support against local fragmentation, helping the formation of starless super-Jeans cores. SDC13 is composed of three Spitzer Dark Clouds from the Peretto & Fuller (2009, cat J/A+A/505/405) catalogue (SDC13.174-0.07, SDC13.158-0.073, SDC13.194-0.073).
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/A+A/613/A11
- Title:
- SDC13 NH_3_(1,1) and NH_3_(2,2) datacubes
- Short Name:
- J/A+A/613/A11
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- Converging networks of interstellar filaments, that is hubs, have been recently linked to the formation of stellar clusters and massive stars. Understanding the relationship between the evolution of these systems and the formation of cores and stars inside them is at the heart of current star formation research. The goal is to study the kinematic and density structure of the SDC13 prototypical hub at high angular resolution to determine what drives its evolution and fragmentation. We have mapped SDC13, a ~1000M_{sun}_ infrared dark hub, in NH_3_(1,1) and NH_3_(2,2) emission lines, with both the Jansky Very Large Array and Green Bank Telescope. The high angular resolution achieved in the combined dataset allowed us to probe scales down to 0.07pc. After fitting the ammonia lines, we computed the integrated intensities, centroid velocities and line widths, along with gas temperatures and H_2_ column densities. The mass-per-unit-lengths of all four hub filaments are thermally super- critical, consistent with the presence of tens of gravitationally bound cores identified along them. These cores exhibit a regular separation of ~0.37+/-0.16pc suggesting gravitational instabilities running along these super-critical filaments are responsible for their fragmentation. The observed local increase of the dense gas velocity dispersion towards starless cores is believed to be a consequence of such fragmentation process. Using energy conservation arguments, we estimate that the gravitational to kinetic energy conversion efficiency in the SDC13 cores is ~35%. We see velocity gradient peaks towards ~63% of cores as expected during the early stages of filament fragmentation. Another clear observational signature is the presence of the most massive cores at the filaments' junction, where the velocity dispersion is largest. We interpret this as the result of the hub morphology generating the largest acceleration gradients near the hub centre. We propose a scenario for the evolution of the SDC13 hub in which filaments first form as post-shock structures in a supersonic turbulent flow. As a result of the turbulent energy dissipation in the shock, the dense gas within the filaments is initially mostly subsonic. Then gravity takes over and starts shaping the evolution of the hub, both fragmenting filaments and pulling the gas towards the centre of the gravitational well. By doing so, gravitational energy is converted into kinetic energy in both local (cores) and global (hub centre) potential well minima. Furthermore, the generation of larger gravitational acceleration gradients at the filament junctions promotes the formation of more massive cores.