- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/ApJ/809/146
- Title:
- SDSS-DR8 isolated low-mass galaxies
- Short Name:
- J/ApJ/809/146
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- We study the baryon content of low-mass galaxies selected from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS DR8), focusing on galaxies in isolated environments where the complicating physics of galaxy-galaxy interactions are minimized. We measure neutral hydrogen (HI) gas masses and line widths for 148 isolated galaxies with stellar mass between 10^7^ and 10^9.5^M_{sun}_. We compare isolated low-mass galaxies to more massive galaxies and galaxies in denser environments by remeasuring HI emission lines from the Arecibo Legacy Fast ALFA survey 40% data release. All isolated low-mass galaxies either have large atomic gas fractions or large atomic gas fractions cannot be ruled out via their upper limits. We measure a median atomic gas fraction of f_gas_=0.81+/-0.13 for our isolated low-mass sample with no systems below 0.30. At all stellar masses, the correlations between galaxy radius, baryonic mass, and velocity width are not significantly affected by environment. Finally, we estimate a median baryon to total dynamical mass fraction of f_baryon,disk_=0.15+/-0.17. We also estimate two different median baryon to halo mass fractions using the results of semi-analytic models (f_baryon,disk_=0.04+/-0.06) and abundance matching (f_baryon,halo_=0.04+/-0.02). Baryon fractions estimated directly using HI observations appear independent of environment and maximum circular velocity, while baryon fractions estimated using abundance matching show a significant depletion of baryons at low maximum circular velocities.
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Search Results
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/A+A/583/A53
- Title:
- Search for H2O2 in Orion
- Short Name:
- J/A+A/583/A53
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- The abundance of key molecules determines the level of cooling that is necessary for the formation of stars and planetary systems. In this context, one needs to understand the details of the time dependent oxygen chemistry, leading to the formation of molecular oxygen and water. We aim to determine the degree of correlation between the occurrence of O2 and HOOH (hydrogen peroxide) in star-forming molecular clouds. We first detected O2 and HOOH in the rho Ophiuchi cloud (core A), we now search for HOOH in Orion Molecular Cloud OMC A, where O2 has also been detected. We mapped a 3x3arcmin^2^ region around Orion H_2_-Peak 1 with the Atacama Pathfinder Experiment (APEX). In addition to several maps in two transitions of HOOH, viz. 219.17GHz and 251.91GHz, we obtained single-point spectra for another three transitions towards the position of maximum emission. Line emission at the appropriate LSR-velocity (Local Standard of Rest) and at the level of greater or equal to 4{sigma} was found for two transitions, with lower S/N (2.8-3.5{sigma}) for another two transitions, whereas for the remaining transition, only an upper limit was obtained. The emitting region, offset 18arcsec south of H_2_-Peak 1, appeared point-like in our observations with APEX. Conclusions: The extremely high spectral line density in Orion makes the identification of HOOH much more difficult than in rho Oph A. As a result of having to consider the possible contamination by other molecules, we left the current detection status undecided.
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/A+A/658/A85
- Title:
- Search for thioacetamide CH3CSNH2 in the ISM
- Short Name:
- J/A+A/658/A85
- Date:
- 22 Feb 2022
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- One of the biggest unsolved mysteries of modern astrochemistry is understanding chemical formation pathways in the interstellar medium (ISM) and circumstellar environments (CSEs). The detections (or even nondetections) of molecules composed of low-abundance atomic species (such as S, P, Si, and Mg) may help to constrain chemical pathways. Thioacetamide (CH_3_CSNH_2_) is the sulfur analog to acetemide (CH_3_CONH_2_) and it is a viable candidate to search for in astronomical environments - specifically toward regions where other S-bearing molecules have been found and, if possible, that also contain a detection of CH_3_CONH_2_. If detected, it would not only continue to expand the view of molecular complexity in astronomical environments, but also help to better elucidate the possible formation pathways of these types of species in these environments. Our aim is to expand the frequency range of the measured rotational spectrum of CH_3_CSNH_2_ beyond 150GHz and then to use those measurements to extend the search for this species in the ISM. The new laboratory measurements and expanded search cover more parameter space for determining under what conditions CH_3_CSNH_2_ may be detected, leading to possible constraints on the formation of large S-bearing molecules found in the ISM. The rotational spectrum of CH_3_CSNH_2_ was investigated up to 650GHz. Using the newly refined spectrum of CH_3_CSNH_2_, as well as additional spectroscopic data on the chemically related species CH_3_CONH_2_, a variety of astronomical sources were searched including data from the following large surveys: Prebiotic Interstellar Molecule Survey (PRIMOS) conducted with the Green Bank Telescope (GBT); Exploring molecular complexity with ALMA (EMoCA) conducted with the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA); and Astrochemical Surveys At IRAM (ASAI) conducted with the Institut de Radioastronomie Millim'etrique (IRAM) 30m Telescope. A total of 1428 transitions from the v_t_=0 state with maximum values J=47 and K_a_=20 in the range up to 330GHz, and J=95 and K_a_=20 in the range from 400-660GHz were assigned. We also assigned 321 transitions from the v_t=1 state with the maximum values J=35 and K_a_=9 up to 330GHz. We achieved a final fit with a root-mean-square deviation of 43.4kHz that contains 2035 measured lines from our study and the literature for v_t_=0 and v_t_=1 states of A and E symmetries. The final fit is based on the rho-axis- method (RAM) Hamiltonian model that includes 40 parameters. An astronomical search for CH_3_CSNH_2_ was conducted based on all the new spectroscopic data. No transitions of CH_3_CSNH_2_ were detected toward any of the sources contained in our survey. Using the appropriate telescope and physical parameters for each astronomical source, upper limits to the column densities were found for CH_3_CSNH_2_ toward each source.
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/A+A/594/A26
- Title:
- Second Planck Catalogue of Compact Sources (PCCS2)
- Short Name:
- J/A+A/594/A26
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- The Second Planck Catalogue of Compact Sources is a list of discrete objects detected in single-frequency maps from the full duration of the Planck mission and supersedes previous versions. It consists of compact sources, both Galactic and extragalactic, detected over the entire sky. Compact sources detected in the lower frequency channels are assigned to the PCCS2, while at higher frequencies they are assigned to one of two subcatalogues, the PCCS2 or PCCS2E, depending on their location on the sky. The first of these (PCCS2) covers most of the sky and allows the user to produce subsamples at higher reliabilities than the target 80% integral reliability of the catalogue. The second (PCCS2E) contains sources detected in sky regions where the diffuse emission makes it difficult to quantify the reliability of the detections. Both the PCCS2 and PCCS2E include polarization measurements, in the form of polarized flux densities, or upper limits, and orientation angles for all seven polarization-sensitive Planck channels. The improved data-processing of the full-mission maps and their reduced noise levels allow us to increase the number of objects in the catalogue, improving its completeness for the target 80% reliability as compared with the previous versions, the PCCS and the Early Release Compact Source Catalogue (ERCSC).
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/A+A/619/A166
- Title:
- SEDIGISM, kinematics of ATLASGAL filaments
- Short Name:
- J/A+A/619/A166
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- Analyzing the kinematics of filamentary molecular clouds is a crucial step toward understanding their role in the star formation process. Therefore, we study the kinematics of 283 filament candidates in the inner Galaxy, that were previously identified in the ATLASGAL dust continuum data. The ^13^CO(2-1) and C^18^O(2-1) data of the SEDIGISM survey (Structure, Excitation, and Dynamics of the Inner Galactic Inter Stellar Medium) allows us to analyze the kinematics of these targets and to determine their physical properties at a resolution of 30-arcsec and 0.25km/s. To do so, we developed an automated algorithm to identify all velocity components along the line-of-sight correlated with the ATLASGAL dust emission, and derive size, mass, and kinematic properties for all velocity components. We find two-third of the filament candidates are coherent structures in position-position-velocity space. The remaining candidates appear to be the result of a superposition of two or three filamentary structures along the line-of-sight. At the resolution of the data, on average the filaments are in agreement with Plummer-like radial density profiles with a power-law exponent of p~=1.5+/-0.5, indicating that they are typically embedded in a molecular cloud and do not have a well-defined outer radius. Also, we find a correlation between the observed mass per unit length and the velocity dispersion of the filament of m{prop.to}{sigma}_v_^2^. We show that this relation can be explained by a virial balance between self-gravity and pressure. Another possible explanation could be radial collapse of the filament, where we can exclude infall motions close to the free-fall velocity.
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/A+A/658/A160
- Title:
- SEDIGISM survey, search for molecular outflows
- Short Name:
- J/A+A/658/A160
- Date:
- 22 Feb 2022
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- The formation processes of massive stars are still unclear but a picture is emerging involving accretion disks and molecular outflows in what appears to be a scaled-up version of lower-mass star formation. A census of outflow activity towards high-mass star-forming clumps in various evolutionary stages has the potential to shed light on high-mass star formation. We conduct an outflow survey toward ATLASGAL (APEX Telescope Large Area Survey of the Galaxy) clumps, using SEDIGISM (structure, Excitation, and Dynamics of the Inner Galactic InterStellar Medium) data and aim to obtain a large sample of clumps exhibiting outflow activity in different evolutionary stages. We identify the high-velocity wings of the ^13^CO lines, indicating outflow activity, toward ATLASGAL clumps by (1) extracting the simultaneously observed ^13^CO(2-1) and C^18^O(2-1) spectra from SEDIGISM, and (2) subtracting the scaled C^18^O (cores emission) from the ^13^CO, after considering opacity broadening. We have detected high-velocity gas towards 1192 clumps out of a total sample of 2052 corresponding to an overall detection rate of 58%. Outflow activity has been detected from the earliest (apparently) quiescent clumps (i.e., 70 microns weak), to the most evolved HII region stages (i.e., 8 micron bright with tracers of massive star formation). The detection rate increases as a function of evolution (quiescent = 51%, protostellar = 47%, YSO = 57%, UCHII regions = 76%). Our sample is the largest outflow sample identified so far. The high detection rate from this large sample is consistent with the results of similar studies reported in the literature and supports the scenario that outflows are a ubiquitous feature of high-mass star formation. The lower detection rate in early evolutionary stages could be due to the fact that outflows in the early stages are weak and difficult to detect. We obtain a statistically significant number of outflow clumps for every evolutionary stage, especially for outflow clumps in the earliest stages (i.e., 70 microns dark cloud or massive starless core).
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/A+A/620/A62
- Title:
- Serpens filament emission lines datacubes
- Short Name:
- J/A+A/620/A62
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- The Serpens filament, as one of the nearest infrared dark clouds, is regarded as a pristine filament at a very early evolutionary stage of star formation. In order to study its molecular content and dynamical state, we mapped this filament in seven species including C^18^O, HCO^+^, HNC, HCN, N_2_H^+^, CS, and CH_3_OH. Among them, HCO^+^, HNC, HCN, and CS show self-absorption, while C^18^O is most sensitive to the filamentary structure. A kinematic analysis demonstrates that this filament forms a velocity-coherent (trans-)sonic structure, a large part of which is one of the most quiescent regions in the Serpens cloud. Widespread C^18^O depletion is found throughout the Serpens filament. Based on the Herschel dust-derived H_2_ column density map, the line mass of the filament is 36-41~M_{sun}_/pc, and its full width at half maximum width is 0.17+/-0.01pc, while its length is ~1.6pc. The inner radial column density profile of this filament can be well fitted with a Plummer profile with an exponent of 2.2+/-0.1, a scale radius of 0.018+/-0.003pc and a central density of (4.0+/-0.8)x10^4^cm^-3^. The Serpens filament appears to be slightly supercritical. The widespread blue-skewed HNC and CS line profiles and HCN hyperfine line anomalies across this filament indicate radial infall in parts of the Serpens filament. C^18^O velocity gradients also indicate accretion flows along the filament. The velocity and density structures suggest that such accretion flows are likely due to a longitudinal collapse parallel to the filament's long axis. Both the radial infall rate and the longitudinal accretion rate along the Serpens filament are lower than all previously reported values in other filaments. This indicates that the Serpens filament lies at an early evolutionary stage when collapse has just begun, or that thermal and non-thermal support are effective in providing support against gravity.
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/ApJS/192/15
- Title:
- Seven-year WMAP catalog
- Short Name:
- J/ApJS/192/15
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- We present updated estimates of Galactic foreground emission using seven years of WMAP data. Using the power spectrum of differences between multi-frequency template-cleaned maps, we find no evidence for foreground contamination outside of the updated (KQ85y7) foreground mask. We place a 15uK upper bound on rms foreground contamination in the cleaned maps used for cosmological analysis. Further, the cleaning process requires only three power-law foregrounds outside of the mask. We find no evidence for polarized foregrounds beyond those from soft (steep-spectrum) synchrotron and thermal dust emission; in particular we find no indication in the polarization data of an extra "haze" of hard synchrotron emission from energetic electrons near the Galactic center. We provide an updated map of the cosmic microwave background (CMB) using the internal linear combination method, updated foreground masks, and updates to point source catalogs using two different techniques. With additional years of data, we now detect 471 point sources using a five-band technique and 417 sources using a three-band CMB-free technique. In total there are 62 newly detected point sources, a 12% increase over the five-year release.
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/A+A/604/A6
- Title:
- SgrB2 ALMA continuum and spectral index
- Short Name:
- J/A+A/604/A6
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- The two hot molecular cores SgrB2(M) and SgrB2(N), which are located at the center of the giant molecular cloud complex Sagittarius B2, have been the targets of numerous spectral line surveys, revealing a rich and complex chemistry. We seek to characterize the physical and chemical structure of the two high-mass star-forming sites SgrB2(M) and SgrB2(N) using high-angular resolution observations at millimeter wavelengths, reaching spatial scales of about 4000au. We used the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA) to perform an unbiased spectral line survey of both regions in the ALMA band 6 with a frequency coverage from 211GHz to 275GHz. The achieved angular resolution is 0.4-arcsec, which probes spatial scales of about 4000au, i.e., able to resolve different cores and fragments. In order to determine the continuum emission in these line-rich sources, we used a new statistical method, STATCONT, which has been applied successfully to this and other ALMA datasets and to synthetic observations. We detect 27 continuum sources in SgrB2(M) and 20 sources in SgrB2(N). We study the continuum emission variation across the ALMA band 6 (i.e., spectral index) and compare the ALMA 1.3mm continuum emission with previous SMA 345GHz and VLA 40GHz observations to study the nature of the sources detected. The brightest sources are dominated by (partially optically thick) dust emission, while there is an important degree of contamination from ionized gas free-free emission in weaker sources. While the total mass in SgrB2(M) is distributed in many fragments, most of the mass in SgrB2(N) arises from a single object, with filamentary-like structures converging toward the center. There seems to be a lack of low-mass dense cores in both regions. We determine H2 volume densities for the cores of about 10^7^-10^9^cm^-3^ (or 10^5^-10^7^M_{sun}_/pc^3^), i.e., one to two orders of magnitude higher than the stellar densities of super star clusters. We perform a statistical study of the chemical content of the identified sources. In general, SgrB2(N) is chemically richer than SgrB2(M). The chemically richest sources have about 100 lines per GHz and the fraction of luminosity contained in spectral lines at millimeter wavelengths with respect to the total luminosity is about 20%-40%. There seems to be a correlation between the chemical richness and the mass of the fragments, where more massive clumps are more chemically rich. Both SgrB2(N) and SgrB2(M) harbor a cluster of hot molecular cores. We compare the continuum images with predictions from a detailed 3D radiative transfer model that reproduces the structure of SgrB2 from 45pc down to 100au. This ALMA dataset, together with other ongoing observational projects in the range 5GHz to 200GHz, better constrain the 3D structure of SgrB2 and allow us to understand its physical and chemical structure.
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/A+A/649/A32
- Title:
- Sgr B2 Herschel/SPIRE-FTS and IRAM 30m maps
- Short Name:
- J/A+A/649/A32
- Date:
- 22 Feb 2022
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- We present 168 arcmin^2^ spectral images of the Sgr B2 complex taken with Herschel/SPIRE-FTS. We detect ubiquitous emission from CO (up to J=12-11), H2O 2_1,1_-2_0,2_, [CI]492, 809GHz, and [NII] 205um lines. We also present maps of the SiO, N_2_H^+^, HCN, and HCO^+^ emission obtained with the IRAM30m telescope. The cloud environment dominates the emitted FIR (80%), H_2_O 752GHz (60%) mid-J CO (91%), and [CI] (93%) luminosity. The region shows very extended [NII] emission (spatially correlated with the 24 and 70um dust emission). The observed FIR luminosities imply G_0_~10^3^. The extended [CI] emission arises from a pervasive component of neutral gas with n_H_~10^3cm^-3^. The high ionization rates, produced by enhanced cosmic-ray (CR) fluxes, drive the gas heating to T_k_~40-60K. The mid-J CO emission arises from a similarly extended but more pressurized gas component (P_th_/k~10^7^K/cm^3^). Specific regions of enhanced SiO emission and high CO-to-FIR intensity ratios (>10^-3^) show mid-J CO emission compatible with shock models. A major difference compared to more quiescent star-forming clouds in the disk of our Galaxy is the extended nature of the SiO and N_2_H^+^ emission in Sgr B2. This can be explained by the presence of cloud-scale shocks, induced by cloud-cloud collisions and stellar feedback, and the much higher CR ionization rate (>10^-15^s^-1^) leading to overabundant H_3_^+^ and N_2_H^+^. Hence, Sgr B2 hosts a more extreme environment than star-forming regions in the disk of the Galaxy. As a usual template for extra- galactic comparisons, Sgr B2 shows more similarities to ultra luminous infrared galaxies such as Arp 220, including a "deficit" in the [CI]/FIR and [NII]/FIR intensity ratios, than to pure starburst galaxies such as M82. However, it is the extended cloud environment, rather than the cores, that serves as a useful template when telescopes do not resolve such extended regions in galaxies.