- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/A+A/638/A105
- Title:
- 8 massive proto-cluster clumps NH2D & NH3 cubes
- Short Name:
- J/A+A/638/A105
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- The initial stage of star formation is very difficult to study because of its high density (n_H_2> 10^6^cm^-3^) and low temperature (T_dust_<18K). Under such conditions, many molecules become depleted from the gas phase by freezing out onto dust grains. However, the deuterated species could remain gaseous under these extreme conditions and are thus ideal tracers. We investigate the gas dynamics and NH_2_D chemistry in eight massive pre/protocluster clumps (G18.17, G18.21, G23.97N, G23.98, G23.44, G23.97S, G25.38, and G25.71). We present NH_2_D 1_11-1_01 (at 85.926GHz), NH_3_ (1,1) and (2,2) observations in the eight clumps using the PdBI and the VLA, respectively. We use 3D GAUSSCLUMPS to extract NH_2_D cores and provide a statistical view of their deuterium chemistry. We use NH_3_ (1,1) and (2,2) data to investigate the temperature and dynamics of dense and cold objects. We find that the distribution between deuterium fractionation and kinetic temperature shows a number density peak at around T_kin_=16.1K, and the NH_2_D cores are mainly located at a temperature range of 13.0 to 22.0K. The 3.5mm continuum cores have a kinetic temperature with the median width of 22.1+/-4.3K, which is obviously higher than the temperature in NH_2_D cores. We detect seven extremely high deuterium fractionation of 1.0<=D_frac_<=1.41. We find that the NH_2_D emission does not appear to coincide exactly with either dust continuum or NH3 peak positions, but often surrounds the star-formation active regions. This suggests that the NH_2_D has been destroyed by the central young stellar object (YSO) due to its heating. The detected NH_2_D lines are very narrow with a median width of 0.98+/-0.02km/s, which is dominated by non-thermal broadening. The extracted NH_2_D cores are gravitationally bound ({alpha}_vir_<1), are likely prestellar or starless, and can potentially form intermediate-mass or high-mass stars in future. Using NH3 (1,1) as a dynamical tracer, we find very complicated dynamical movement in all the eight clumps, which can be explained by a combined process with outflow, rotation, convergent flow, collision, large velocity gradient, and rotating toroids. High deuterium fractionation strongly depends on the temperature condition. NH_2_D is a poor evolutionary indicator of high-mass star formation in evolved stages, but a useful tracer in the starless and prestellar cores.
Number of results to display per page
Search Results
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/A+A/627/A85
- Title:
- 8 massive proto-cluster clumps observations
- Short Name:
- J/A+A/627/A85
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- Massive clumps tend to fragment into clusters of cores and condensations, some of which form high-mass stars. In this work, we study the structure of massive clumps at different scales, analyze the fragmentation process, and investigate the possibility that star formation is triggered by nearby HII regions. We present a high angular resolution study of a sample of 8 massive proto-cluster clumps. Combining infrared data, we use few-arcsecond resolution radio- and millimeter interferometric data to study their fragmentation and evolution. Our sample is unique in the sense that all the clumps have neighboring HII regions. Taking advantage of that, we test triggered star formation using a novel method where we study the alignment of the centres of mass traced by dust emission at multiple scales. The eight massive clumps have masses ranging from 228 to 2279M_{sun}_. The brightest compact structures within infrared bright clumps are typically associated with embedded compact radio continuum sources. The smaller scale structures of Reff~0.02pc observed within each clump are mostly gravitationally bound and massive enough to form at least a B3-B0 type star. Many condensations have masses larger than 8M_{sun}_ at small scale of Reff~0.02pc. Although the clumps are mostly infrared quiet, the dynamical movements are active at clump scale (~1pc). We studied the spatial distribution of the gas conditions detected at different scales. For some sources we find hints of external triggering, whereas for others we find no significant pattern that indicates triggering is dynamically unimportant. This probably indicates that the different clumps go through different evolutionary paths. In this respect, studies with larger samples are highly desired.
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/ApJ/655/351
- Title:
- Massive quiescent cores in Orion. II.
- Short Name:
- J/ApJ/655/351
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- We have surveyed submillimeter continuum emission from relatively quiescent regions in the Orion molecular cloud to determine how the core mass function in a high-mass star-forming region compares to the stellar initial mass function. Such studies are important for understanding the evolution of cores to stars, and for comparison to formation processes in high- and low-mass star-forming regions. We used the SHARC II camera on the Caltech Submillimeter Observatory telescope to obtain 350um data having angular resolution of about 9", which corresponds to 0.02pc at the distance of Orion. Further data processing using a deconvolution routine enhances the resolution to about 3". Such high angular resolution allows a rare look into individually resolved dense structures in a massive star-forming region.
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/MNRAS/487/1057
- Title:
- Massive SFR beyond the solar circle
- Short Name:
- J/MNRAS/487/1057
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- We have compiled the most complete compact and ultracompact HII region catalogue to date via multi-wavelength inspection of survey data. We utilise data from the recently available SASSy 850um survey to identify massive star forming clumps in the outer Galaxy (R_GC_>8.5kpc) and cross-match with infrared and radio data of known UC HII regions from the RMS database. For the inner Galaxy sample (R_GC_<8.5kpc), we adopt the compact HII regions from previous works that used similar methods to cross match ATLASGAL with either CORNISH or RMS, depending on the location within the Galactic plane. We present a new UC HII region catalogue that more than doubles the original sample size of previous work, totalling 536 embedded HII regions and 445 host clumps. We examine the distance independent values of N_Ly_/M and L_bol_/M as proxies for massive star formation efficiency and overall star formation efficiency, respectively. We find a significant trend showing that L_bol_/M decreases with increasing RGC, suggesting that the overall star formation per unit mass is less in the outer Galaxy.
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/ApJ/876/70
- Title:
- Massive YSOs in the IR dark cloud G79.3+0.3
- Short Name:
- J/ApJ/876/70
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- G79.3+0.3 is an infrared dark cloud in the Cygnus-X complex that is home to massive deeply embedded young stellar objects (YSOs). We have produced a Submillimeter Array (SMA) 1.3mm continuum image and ^12^CO line maps of the eastern section of G79.3+0.3 in which we detect five separate YSOs. We have estimated physical parameters for these five YSOs and others in the vicinity of G79.3+0.3 by fitting existing photometry from Spitzer, Herschel, and ground-based telescopes to spectral energy distribution models. Through these model fits we find that the most massive YSOs seen in the SMA 1.3mm continuum emission have masses in the 5-6M_{sun}_ range. One of the SMA sources was observed to power a massive collimated ^12^CO outflow extending at least 0.94pc in both directions from the protostar, with a total mass of 0.83M_{sun}_ and a dynamical timescale of 23kyr.
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/A+A/651/A98
- Title:
- M31 C-band (6.6GHz) Sardinia radio tel. map
- Short Name:
- J/A+A/651/A98
- Date:
- 17 Jan 2022 11:45:00
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- The Andromeda galaxy is the best known large galaxy besides our own Milky Way. Several images and studies exist at all wavelengths from radio to hard X-ray. Nevertheless, only few observations are available in the microwave range where its average radio emission reaches the minimum. In this paper we want to study the radio morphology of the galaxy, decouple thermal from non-thermal emission and extract the star formation rate. We also aim to derive a complete catalogue of radio sources for the mapped patch of sky. We have observed the Andromeda galaxy with the Sardinia Radio Telescope at 6.6 GHz with very high sensitivity and angular resolution, and an unprecedented sky coverage. Using new 6.6GHz data and Effelsberg radio telescope ancillary data, we confirm that, globally, the spectral index assumes a value of ~0.7-0.8, while in the star forming regions it decreases to ~0.5. By disentangling (gas) thermal and non-thermal emission, we found that at 6.6GHz, thermal emission follows the distribution of HII regions around the ring. Non-thermal emission, within the ring, appears to be more uniform and smooth than thermal emission, due to the diffusion of the cosmic ray electrons away from their birthplaces. Hence the magnetic fields are nearly constant in intensity. Based on the thermal emission map, we have calculated a star formation rate map. Integrating within a radius of R_max_=15kpc, we obtained a total star formation rate of 0.19+/-0.01M*/yr in agreement with previous results in literature. Finally, we correlated our radio data with Infrared images of the Andromeda galaxy. We found an unexpected high correlation between non-thermal and MIR data in the central region, with a correlation parameter r=0.93. Finally, by computing the logarithmic 24um/21cm ratio q_24um_, we found a decreasing trend with increasing galactocentric distance and an increasing dispersion. The logarithmic FIR/radio ratio is found to be 2.41+/-0.04.
277. M31 Herschel images
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/A+A/567/A71
- Title:
- M31 Herschel images
- Short Name:
- J/A+A/567/A71
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- Dust and stars play a complex game of interactions in the interstellar medium and around young stars. The imprints of these processes are visible in scaling relations between stellar characteristics, star formation parameters, and dust properties. Aims. In the present work, we aim to examine dust scaling relations on a sub-kpc resolution in the Andromeda galaxy (M31). The goal is to investigate the properties of M31 on both a global and local scale and compare them to other galaxies of the local universe. Methods. New Herschel observations are combined with available data from GALEX, SDSS, WISE, and Spitzer to construct a dataset covering UV to submm wavelengths. All images were brought to the beam size and pixel grid of the SPIRE 500um frame. This divides M31 in 22437 pixels of 36 arcseconds in size on the sky, corresponding to physical regions of 137x608pc in the galaxy's disk. A panchromatic spectral energy distribution was modelled for each pixel and maps of the physical quantities were constructed. Several scaling relations were investigated, focussing on the interactions of dust with starlight. Results. We find, on a sub-kpc scale, strong correlations between Mdust/M* and NUV-r, and between Mdust/M* and mu* (the stellar mass surface density). Striking similarities with corresponding relations based on integrated galaxies are found. We decompose M31 in four macro-regions based on their FIR morphology; the bulge, inner disk, star forming ring, and the outer disk region. In the scaling relations, all regions closely follow the galaxy-scale average trends and behave like galaxies of different morphological types. The specific star formation characteristics we derive for these macro-regions give strong hints of an inside-out formation of the bulge-disk geometry, as well as an internal downsizing process. Within each macro-region, however, a great diversity in individual micro-regions is found, regardless of the properties of the macro-regions. Furthermore, we confirm that dust in the bulge of M31 is heated only by the old stellar populations. Conclusions. In general, the local dust scaling relations indicate that the dust content in M31 is maintained by a subtle interplay of past and present star formation. The similarity with galaxy-based relations strongly suggests that they are in situ correlations, with underlying processes that must be local in nature.
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/ApJ/731/90
- Title:
- Mid-IR content of BGPS sources
- Short Name:
- J/ApJ/731/90
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- We present the results of a search for mid-infrared signs of star formation activity in the 1.1mm sources in the Bolocam Galactic Plane Survey (BGPS). We have correlated the BGPS catalog (Cat. J/ApJS/188/123) with available mid-IR Galactic plane catalogs based on the Spitzer Space Telescope GLIMPSE legacy survey (including Cat. J/AJ/136/2413 and the EGO cat. J/AJ/136/2391) and the Midcourse Space Experiment (MSX) Galactic plane survey (RMS catalog, Hoare et al. 2004ASPC..317..156H). We find that 44% (3712 of 8358) of the BGPS sources contain at least one mid-IR source, including 2457 of 5067 (49%) within the area where all surveys overlap (10{deg}<l<65{deg}). Accounting for chance alignments between the BGPS and mid-IR sources, we conservatively estimate that 20% of the BPGS sources within the area where all surveys overlap show signs of active star formation. We separate the BGPS sources into four groups based on their probability of star formation activity. Extended Green Objects and Red MSX Sources make up the highest probability group, while the lowest probability group is comprised of "starless" BGPS sources which were not matched to any mid-IR sources. The mean 1.1mm flux of each group increases with increasing probability of active star formation.
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/ApJS/161/361
- Title:
- Millimeter continuum survey for protoclusters
- Short Name:
- J/ApJS/161/361
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- Our search for the earliest stages of massive star formation turned up 12 massive pre-protocluster candidates plus a few protoclusters. For this search, we selected 47 FIR-bright IRAS sources in the outer Galaxy. We mapped regions of several square arcminutes around the IRAS source in the millimeter continuum in order to find massive cold cloud cores possibly being in a very early stage of massive star formation. Masses and densities are derived for the 128 molecular cloud cores found in the obtained maps.
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/ApJ/751/115
- Title:
- Millimeter emission from Taurus binary systems
- Short Name:
- J/ApJ/751/115
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- We present a high angular resolution millimeter-wave dust continuum imaging survey of circumstellar material associated with the individual components of 23 multiple star systems in the Taurus-Auriga young cluster. Combined with previous measurements in the literature, these new data permit a comprehensive look at how the millimeter luminosity (a rough tracer of disk mass) relates to the separation and mass of a stellar companion. Approximately one-third (28%-37%) of the individual stars in multiple systems have detectable millimeter emission, an incidence rate half that for single stars (~62%) which does not depend on the number of companions. There is a strong, positive correlation between the luminosity and projected separation (a_p_) of a stellar pair. Wide pairs (a_p_>300AU) have a similar luminosity distribution as single stars, medium pairs (a_p_{approx}30-300AU) are a factor of five fainter, and close pairs (a_p_<30AU) are ~5x fainter yet (aside from a small, but notable population of bright circumbinary disks). In most cases, the emission is dominated by a disk around the primary (or a wide tertiary in hierarchical triples), but there is no clear relationship between luminosity and stellar mass ratio.