- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/ApJ/779/61
- Title:
- SPT-SZ survey point sources at 95, 150 & 220GHz
- Short Name:
- J/ApJ/779/61
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- We present a point-source catalog from 771deg^2^ of the South Pole Telescope Sunyaev-Zel'dovich (SPT-SZ) survey at 95, 150, and 220GHz. We detect 1545 sources above 4.5{sigma} significance in at least one band. Based on their relative brightness between survey bands, we classify the sources into two populations, one dominated by synchrotron emission from active galactic nuclei, and one dominated by thermal emission from dust-enshrouded star-forming galaxies. We find 1238 synchrotron and 307 dusty sources. We cross-match all sources against external catalogs and find 189 unidentified synchrotron sources and 189 unidentified dusty sources. The dusty sources without counterparts are good candidates for high-redshift, strongly lensed submillimeter galaxies. We derive number counts for each population from 1Jy down to roughly 11, 4, and 11mJy at 95, 150, and 220GHz. We compare these counts with galaxy population models and find that none of the models we consider for either population provide a good fit to the measured counts in all three bands. The disparities imply that these measurements will be an important input to the next generation of millimeter-wave extragalactic source population models.
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- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/MNRAS/500/3821
- Title:
- Square Kilometre Array Science Data Challenge 1
- Short Name:
- J/MNRAS/500/3821
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- As the largest radio telescope in the world, the Square Kilometre Array (SKA) will lead the next generation of radio astronomy. The feats of engineering required to construct the telescope array will be matched only by the techniques developed to exploit the rich scientific value of the data. To drive forward the development of efficient and accurate analysis methods, we are designing a series of data challenges that will provide the scientific community with high-quality datasets for testing and evaluating new techniques. In this paper we present a description and results from the first such Science Data Challenge (SDC1). Based on SKA MID continuum simulated observations and covering three frequencies (560MHz, 1400MHz and 9200MHz) at three depths (8h, 100h and 1000h), SDC1 asked participants to apply source detection, characterization and classification methods to simulated data. The challenge opened in November 2018, with nine teams submitting results by the deadline of April 2019. In this work we analyse the results for 8 of those teams, showcasing the variety of approaches that can be successfully used to find, characterise and classify sources in a deep, crowded field. The results also demonstrate the importance of building domain knowledge and expertise on this kind of analysis to obtain the best performance. As high-resolution observations begin revealing the true complexity of the sky, one of the outstanding challenges emerging from this analysis is the ability to deal with highly resolved and complex sources as effectively as the unresolved source population.
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/MNRAS/467/L31
- Title:
- SS Cyg rapid radio flaring in 2016
- Short Name:
- J/MNRAS/467/L31
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- The connection between accretion and jet production in accreting white dwarf binary systems, especially dwarf novae, is not well understood. Radio wavelengths provide key insights into the mechanisms responsible for accelerating electrons, including jets and outflows. Here, we present densely sampled radio coverage, obtained with the Arcminute MicroKelvin Imager Large Array, of the dwarf nova SS Cyg during its 2016 February anomalous outburst. The outburst displayed a slower rise (3d/mag) in the optical than typical ones and lasted for more than three weeks. Rapid radio flaring on time-scales <1h was seen throughout the outburst. The most intriguing behaviour in the radio was towards the end of the outburst where a fast, luminous ('giant'), flare peaking at ~20mJy and lasting for 15min was observed. This is the first time that such a flare has been observed in SS Cyg and insufficient coverage could explain its non-detection in previous outbursts. These data, together with past radio observations, are consistent with synchrotron emission from plasma ejection events as being the origin of the radio flares. However, the production of the giant flare during the declining accretion rate phase remains unexplained within the standard accretion-jet framework and appears to be markedly different to similar patterns of behaviour in X-ray binaries.
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/A+A/629/A6
- Title:
- 3 starburst galaxies 12C/13C ALMA datacubes
- Short Name:
- J/A+A/629/A6
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- We derive molecular-gas-phase ^12^C/^13^C isotope ratios for the central few hundred parsecs of the three nearby starburst galaxies NGC253, NGC1068, and NGC4945 making use of the {lambda}~3mm ^12^CN and ^13^CN N=1-0 lines in the ALMA Band 3. The ^12^C/^13^C isotopic ratios derived from the ratios of these lines range from 30 to 67 with an average of 41.6+/-0.2 in NGC253, from 24 to 62 with an average of 38.3+/-0.4 in NGC1068, and from 6 to 44 with an average of 16.9+/-0.3 in NGC4945. The highest ^12^C/^13^C isotopic ratios are determined in some of the outskirts of the nuclear regions of the three starburst galaxies. The lowest ratios are associated with the northeastern and southwestern molecular peaks of NGC253, the northeastern and southwestern edge of the mapped region in NGC1068, and the very center of NGC4945. In the case of NGC 1068, the measured ratios suggest inflow from the outer part of NGC1068 into the circum-nuclear disk through both the halo and the bar. Low ^12^C/^13^C isotopic ratios in the central regions of these starburst galaxies indicate the presence of highly processed material.
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/ApJ/733/87
- Title:
- Star formation efficiency in galaxies
- Short Name:
- J/ApJ/733/87
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- We propose an "extended Schmidt law" with explicit dependence of the star formation efficiency (SFE=SFR/M_gas_) on the stellar mass surface density ({Sigma}_star_). This relation has a power-law index of 0.48+/-0.04 and a 1{sigma} observed scatter on the SFE of 0.4 dex, which holds over five orders of magnitude in the stellar density for individual global galaxies, including various types and especially the low-surface-brightness (LSB) galaxies that deviate significantly from the Kennicutt-Schmidt (KS) law. When applying it to regions of a sample of 12 spiral galaxies at sub-kiloparsec resolution, the extended Schmidt law not only holds for LSB regions but also shows significantly smaller scatters both within and across galaxies compared with the KS law. We argue that this new relation points to the role of existing stars in regulating the SFE, thus better encoding the star formation physics. Comparison with physical models of star formation recipes shows that the extended Schmidt law can be reproduced by some models including gas free fall in a stellar-gravitational potential and pressure-supported star formation. By implementing this new law into the analytic model of gas accretion in {Lambda}CDM, we show that it can reproduce the observed main sequence of star-forming galaxies (a relation between the SFR and stellar mass) from z=0 up to z=2.
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/AJ/136/2782
- Title:
- Star formation efficiency in nearby galaxies
- Short Name:
- J/AJ/136/2782
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- We measure the star formation efficiency (SFE), the star formation rate (SFR) per unit of gas, in 23 nearby galaxies and compare it with expectations from proposed star formation laws and thresholds. We use HI maps from The HI Nearby Galaxy Survey (THINGS) and derive H_2_ maps of CO measured by HERA CO-Line Extragalactic Survey and Berkeley-Illinois-Maryland Association Survey of Nearby Galaxies. We estimate the SFR by combining Galaxy Evolution Explorer (GALEX) far-ultraviolet maps and the Spitzer Infrared Nearby Galaxies Survey (SINGS) 24um maps, infer stellar surface density profiles from SINGS 3.6um data, and use kinematics from THINGS.
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/ApJ/761/97
- Title:
- Star Formation in Radio Survey (SFRS): 33GHz obs.
- Short Name:
- J/ApJ/761/97
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- We present 33GHz photometry of 103 galaxy nuclei and extranuclear star-forming complexes taken with the Green Bank Telescope (GBT) as part of the Star Formation in Radio Survey (SFRS). Among the sources without evidence for an active galactic nucleus, and also having lower frequency radio data, we find a median thermal fraction at 33GHz of {approx}76% with a dispersion of {approx}24%. For all sources resolved on scales <~0.5kpc, the thermal fraction is even larger, being >~90%. This suggests that the rest-frame 33GHz emission provides a sensitive measure of the ionizing photon rate from young star-forming regions, thus making it a robust star formation rate (SFR) indicator. Taking the 33 GHz SFRs as a reference, we investigate other empirical calibrations relying on different combinations of warm 24{mu}m dust, total infrared (IR; 8-1000{mu}m), H{alpha} line, and far-UV continuum emission. The recipes derived here generally agree with others found in the literature, albeit with a large dispersion that most likely stems from a combination of effects. Comparing the 33GHz to total IR flux ratios as a function of the radio spectral index, measured between 1.7 and 33GHz, we find that the ratio increases as the radio spectral index flattens which does not appear to be a distance effect. Consequently, the ratio of non-thermal to total IR emission appears relatively constant, suggesting only moderate variations in the cosmic-ray electron injection spectrum and ratio of synchrotron to total cooling processes among star-forming complexes. Assuming that this trend solely arises from an increase in the thermal fraction sets a maximum on the scatter of the non-thermal spectral indices among the star-forming regions of {sigma}_{alpha}_NT<~0.13.
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/ApJ/752/146
- Title:
- Star forming complexes in Galactic WMAP sources
- Short Name:
- J/ApJ/752/146
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- We analyze Spitzer GLIMPSE, Midcourse Space Experiment (MSX), and Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe (WMAP) images of the Milky Way to identify 8{mu}m and free-free sources in the Galaxy. Seventy-two of the 88 WMAP sources have coverage in the GLIMPSE and MSX surveys suitable for identifying massive star-forming complexes (SFCs). We measure the ionizing luminosity functions of the SFCs and study their role in the turbulent motion of the Galaxy's molecular gas. We find a total Galactic free-free flux f_{nu}_=46177.6Jy; the 72 WMAP sources with full 8{mu}m coverage account for 34263.5Jy (~75%), with both measurements made at {nu}=94GHz (W band). We find a total of 280 SFCs, of which 168 have unique kinematic distances and free-free luminosities. We use a simple model for the radial distribution of star formation to estimate the free-free and ionizing luminosity for the sources lacking distance determinations. The total dust-corrected ionizing luminosity is Q=(2.9+/-0.5)x10^53^photons/s, which implies a Galactic star formation rate of \dot{M}_{star}_=1.2+/-0.2{M}_{sun}_/yr. We present the (ionizing) luminosity function of the SFCs and show that 24 sources emit half the ionizing luminosity of the Galaxy. The SFCs appear as bubbles in GLIMPSE or MSX images; the radial velocities associated with the bubble walls allow us to infer the expansion velocity of the bubbles. We calculate the kinetic luminosity of the bubble expansion and compare it to the turbulent luminosity of the inner molecular disk. SFCs emitting 80% of the total Galactic free-free luminosity produce a kinetic luminosity equal to 65% of the turbulent luminosity in the inner molecular disk. This suggests that the expansion of the bubbles is a major driver of the turbulent motion of the inner Milky Way molecular gas.
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/A+A/630/A136
- Title:
- Starless core L1521E chemical structure
- Short Name:
- J/A+A/630/A136
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- We have obtained ~2.5x2.5 arcminute maps toward L1521E using the IRAM-30m telescope in transitions of various species, including C^17^O, CH_3_OH c-C_3_H_2_, CN, SO, H_2_CS, and CH_3_CCH. We derived abundances for the observed species and compared them to those obtained toward L1544. We estimated CO depletion factors using the C^17^O IRAM-30m map, an N(H2) map derived from Herschel/ SPIRE data and a 1.2 mm dust continuum emission map obtained with the IRAM-30m telescope. Similarly to L1544, c-C_3_H_2_ and CH_3_OH peak at different positions. Most species peak toward the c-C_3_H_2_ peak: C_2_S, C_3_S, HCS^+^, HC_3_N, H_2_CS, CH_3_CCH, C^34^S. C^17^O and SO peak close to both the c-C_3_H_2_ and the CH_3_OH peaks. CN and N_2_H^+^ peak close to the Herschel dust peak. We found evidence of CO depletion toward L1521E. The lower limit of the CO depletion factor derived toward the Herschel dust peak is 4.3+/-1.6, which is about a factor of three lower than toward L1544. We derived abundances for several species toward the dust peaks of L1521E and L1544. The abundances of most sulfur-bearing molecules such as C_2_S, HCS^+^, C^34^S, C^33^S, and HCS^+^ are higher toward L1521E than toward L1544 by factors of ~2-20, compared to the abundance of A-CH_3_OH. The abundance of methanol is very similar toward the two cores.
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/A+A/643/A60
- Title:
- Starless cores CH_3_OH and c-C_3_H_2_ maps
- Short Name:
- J/A+A/643/A60
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- The spatial distribution of molecules around starless cores is a powerful tool for studying the physics and chemistry governing the earliest stages of star formation. Our aim is to study the chemical differentiation in starless cores to determine the influence of large-scale effects on the spatial distribution of molecules within the cores. Furthermore, we want to put observational constraints on the mechanisms responsible in starless cores for the desorption of methanol from the surface of dust grains where it is efficiently produced. We mapped methanol, CH_3_OH, and cyclopropenylidene, c-C_3_H_2_, with the IRAM 30m telescope in the 3mm band towards six starless cores embedded in different environments, and in different evolutionary stages. Furthermore, we searched for correlations among physical properties of the cores and the methanol distribution. From our maps we can infer that the chemical segregation between CH_3_OH and c-C_3_H_2_ is driven by uneven illumination from the interstellar radiation field (ISRF). The side of the core that is more illuminated has more C atoms in the gas-phase and the formation of carbon-chain molecules like c-C3H2 is enhanced. Instead, on the side that is less exposed to the ISRF the C atoms are mostly locked in carbon monoxide, CO, the precursor of methanol. We conclude that large-scale effects have a direct impact on the chemical segregation that we can observe at core scale. However, the non-thermal mechanisms responsible for the desorption of methanol in starless cores do not show any dependency on the H_2_ column density at the methanol peak.