- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/A+AS/143/269
- Title:
- 6.7GHz methanol maser emission survey
- Short Name:
- J/A+AS/143/269
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- We report the first results of a search for 6.7GHz methanol masers in the direction of 1399 IRAS objects north of declination -20{deg} with the flux densities greater than 100 Jy at 60 {mu}m and the flux density ratio F_60_/F_25_>1. Observations were made with the sensitivity of 1.7 Jy and the velocity resolution of 0.04km/s using the 32-m Torun radio telescope. Maser emission was found in 182 sources, including 70 new detections. 32 new sources were identified with objects of radio emission associated with star-forming regions. Comparison of the present data set with other observations suggests that about 65% of methanol masers exhibit moderate or strong variations on time-scales of about 4 and 8 years.
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Search Results
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/A+A/623/A130
- Title:
- 6.7GHz methanol maser polarization in MSFRs IV
- Short Name:
- J/A+A/623/A130
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- Magnetohydrodynamical simulations show that the magnetic field can drive molecular outflows during the formation of massive protostars. The best probe to observationally measure both the morphology and the strength of this magnetic field at scales of 10-100au is maser polarization. Measuring the direction of magnetic fields at milliarcsecond resolution around a sample of massive star forming regions to determine whether there exists a relation between the orientation of the magnetic field and of the outflows. In addition by estimating the magnetic field strength via the Zeeman splitting measurements, the role of magnetic field in the dynamics of the massive star-forming region is investigated. We selected a flux-limited sample of 31 massive star-forming regions to perform a statistical analysis of the magnetic field properties with respect to the molecular outflows characteristics. We report the linearly and circularly polarized emission of 6.7GHz CH_3_OH masers towards seven massive star-forming regions of the total sample with the European VLBI Network. The sources are: G23.44-0.18, G25.83-0.18, G25.71-0.04, G28.31-0.39, G28.83-0.25, G29.96-0.02, and G43.80-0.13. We identified a total of 219 CH_3_OH maser features, 47 and 2 of which showed linearly and circularly polarized emission, respectively. We measured well ordered linear polarization vectors around all the massive young stellar objects and Zeeman splitting towards G25.71-0.04 and G28.83-0.25. Thanks to recent theoretical results, we were able to provide lower limits to the magnetic field strength from our Zeeman splitting measurements. We further confirm (based on ~80% of the total flux-limited sample) that the magnetic field on scales of 10-100 au is preferentially oriented along the outflow axes. The estimated magnetic field strength of |B_||_|>61mG and >21mG towards G25.71-0.04 and G28.83-0.2, respectively, indicates that it dominates the dynamics of the gas in both regions.
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/A+A/578/A102
- Title:
- 6.7GHz methanol maser polarization in SFR
- Short Name:
- J/A+A/578/A102
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- Theoretical simulations and observations at different angular resolutions have shown that magnetic fields have a central role in massive star formation. Like in low-mass star formation, the magnetic field in massive young stellar objects can either be oriented along the outflow axis or randomly. Measuring the magnetic field at milliarcsecond resolution (10-100au) around a substantial number of massive young stellar objects permits determining with a high statistical significance whether the direction of the magnetic field is correlated with the orientation of the outflow axis or not. In late 2012, we started a large VLBI campaign with the European VLBI Network to measure the linearly and circularly polarized emission of 6.7GHz CH_3_OH masers around a sample of massive star-forming regions. This paper focuses on the first seven observed sources, G24.78+0.08, G25.65+1.05, G29.86-0.04, G35.03+0.35, G37.43+1.51, G174.20-0.08, and G213.70-12.6. For all these sources, molecular outflows have been detected in the past. We detected a total of 176 CH_3_OH masing cloudlets toward the seven massive star-forming regions, 19% of which show linearly polarized emission. The CH_3_OH masers around the massive young stellar object MM1 in G174.20-0.08 show neither linearly nor circularly polarized emission. The linear polarization vectors are well ordered in all the other massive young stellar objects. We measured significant Zeeman splitting toward both A1 and A2 in G24.78+0.08, and toward G29.86-0.04 and G213.70-12.6. By considering all the 19 massive young stellar objects reported in the literature for which both the orientation of the magnetic field at milliarcsecond resolution and the orientation of outflow axes are known, we find evidence that the magnetic field (on scales 10-100au) is preferentially oriented along the outflow axes.
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/MNRAS/446/3461
- Title:
- 6.7-GHz methanol masers-dust associations
- Short Name:
- J/MNRAS/446/3461
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- We report the results of 870{mu}m continuum observations, using the Large APEX Bolometer Camera, towards 77 class-II, 6.7-GHz methanol masers identified by the Methanol MultiBeam (MMB) survey to map the thermal emission from cool dust towards these objects. These data complement a study of 630 methanol masers associated with compact dense clumps identified from the APEX Telescope Large Area Survey of the Galaxy (ATLASGAL) survey. Compact dust emission is detected towards 70 sources, which implies a dust-association rate of 99 per cent for the full MMB catalogue. Evaluation of the derived dust and maser properties leads us to conclude that the combined sample represents a single population tracing the same phenomenon. We find median clump masses of a few 10^3^M_{sun}_ and that all but a handful of sources satisfy the mass-size criterion required for massive star formation. This study provides the strongest evidence of the almost ubiquitous association of methanol masers with massive, star-forming clumps. The fraction of methanol-maser associated clumps is a factor of ~2 lower in the outer Galaxy than the inner Galaxy, possibly a result of the lower metallicity environment of the former. We find no difference in the clump-mass and maser-luminosity distributions of the inner and outer Galaxy. The maser-pumping and clump formation mechanisms are therefore likely to be relatively invariant to Galactic location. Finally, we use the ratio of maser luminosity and clump mass to investigate the hypothesis that the maser luminosity is a good indicator of the evolutionary stage of the embedded source, however, we find no evidence to support this.
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/ApJ/753/50
- Title:
- 6.7GHz methanol masers. I. NH_3_ lines
- Short Name:
- J/ApJ/753/50
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- Methanol masers at 6.7GHz are known to be tracers of high-mass star formation in our Galaxy. In this paper, we study the large-scale physical conditions in the star-forming clumps/cores associated with 6.7GHz methanol masers using observations of the (1,1), (2,2), and (3,3) inversion transitions of ammonia with the Effelsberg telescope. The gas kinetic temperature is found to be higher than in infrared dark clouds, highlighting the relatively evolved nature of the maser sources. Other than a weak correlation between maser luminosity and the ammonia line width, we do not find any differences between low- and high-luminosity methanol masers.
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/ApJ/763/2
- Title:
- 95GHz methanol masers in molecular outflows
- Short Name:
- J/ApJ/763/2
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- We have observed a sample of 288 molecular outflow sources including 123 high-mass and 165 low-mass sources in order to search for class I methanol masers at the 95GHz transition and to investigate the relationship between outflow characteristics and class I methanol maser emission with the Purple Mountain Observatory 13.7m radio telescope. Our survey detected 62 sources with 95GHz methanol masers above a 3{sigma} detection limit, which includes 47 high-mass sources and 15 low-mass sources. Therefore, the detection rate is 38% for high-mass outflow sources and 9% for low-mass outflow sources, suggesting that class I methanol masers are relatively easily excited in high-mass sources. There are 37 newly detected 95GHz methanol masers (including 27 high-mass and 10 low-mass sources), 19 of which are newly identified (i.e., first identification) class I methanol masers (including 13 high-mass and 6 low-mass sources). A statistical analysis of the distributions of maser detections with the outflow parameters reveals that the maser detection efficiency increases with the outflow properties (e.g., mass, momentum, kinetic energy, mechanical luminosity of outflows, etc.). Systematic investigations of the relationships between the intrinsic luminosity of methanol masers and the outflow properties (including mass, momentum, kinetic energy, bolometric luminosity, and mass-loss rate of the central stellar sources) indicate a positive correlation. This further supports the theory that class I methanol masers are collisionally pumped and associated with shocks when outflows interact with the surrounding ambient medium.
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/MNRAS/474/219
- Title:
- 6.7 GHz methanol masers observations
- Short Name:
- J/MNRAS/474/219
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- We report results of 6.7GHz methanol maser monitoring of 139 star-forming sites with the Torun 32-m radio telescope from 2009 June to 2013 February. The targets were observed at least once a month, with higher cadences of two to four measurements per week for circumpolar objects. Nearly 80 per cent of the sources display variability greater than 10 per cent on a time-scale between a week and a few years, but about three quarters of the sample have only one to three spectral features that vary significantly. Irregular intensity fluctuation is the dominant type of variability and only nine objects show evidence for cyclic variations with periods of 120 to 416d. Synchronized and anticorrelated variations of maser features are detected in four sources with a disc-like morphology. Rapid and high-amplitude bursts of individual features are seen on three to five occasions in five sources. Long (>50d to 20 months) lasting bursts are observed mostly for individual or groups of features in 19 sources and only one source experienced a remarkable global flare. A few flaring features display a strong anticorrelation between intensity and line-width that is expected for unsaturated amplification. There is a weak anticorrelation between the maser feature luminosity and variability measure, i.e. maser features with low luminosity tend to be more variable than those with high luminosity. The analysis of the spectral energy distribution and continuum radio emission reveals that the variability of the maser features increases when the bolometric luminosity and Lyman flux of the exciting object decreases. Our results support the concept of a major role for infrared pumping photons in triggering outburst activity of maser emission.
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/ApJS/245/12
- Title:
- 6.7GHz methanol masers & RRLs in MSX regions
- Short Name:
- J/ApJS/245/12
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- We report a systematic survey of a 6.7GHz Class II methanol maser toward a sample of 448 sources selected from the Red Midcourse Space Experiment Source catalog. These sample sources are composed of high-mass star-forming region (HMSFR) candidates and have been studied as tracers of HMSFRs, such as water masers or radio continuum emission of ultracompact HII region. The survey was conducted using the Shanghai Tianma Radio Telescope. Through the observations, we simultaneously studied the 4.7 and 6.0GHz excited-state interstellar hydroxyl (OH) maser lines and 10 hydrogen radio recombination lines (RRLs) in the C band. In total, we detected 6.7GHz methanol masers and RRLs from 102 and 116 sources, respectively. In addition, 4, 3, and 10 sources exhibit OH masers at 4765.56, 6030.75, and 6035.09MHz transitions, respectively. Through the survey, we identified four new 6.7GHz methanol maser sources and three new excited-state OH maser sources (one at 4750MHz and two at 6035MHz). The statistical analysis demonstrated that there is a positive correlation of luminosity between 6.7GHz methanol masers and RRLs. A good correlation of integrated luminosity between radio continuum emission and the 6.7GHz methanol masers is presented with respect to the RRL emission sources. The average of the integrated luminosities of the RRLs in the sources with 6.7GHz masers is greater than those without the 6.7GHz masers; similarly, the average of integrated luminosities of the 6.7GHz methanol masers in the sources with RRLs is greater than those without the RRLs. Moreover, we found that the averages of the emission measure and electron temperature of HII regions associated with 6.7GHz methanol masers are larger than those without the 6.7GHz methanol masers. This suggests that the masers are most likely produced in high gas density and luminous regions with brighter RRLs and higher radio continuum emission.
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/A+A/403/1095
- Title:
- 6.7GHz methanol masers survey of low-mass YSO
- Short Name:
- J/A+A/403/1095
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- We report the results of a search for 6.7-GHz methanol masers toward low-mass young stellar objects (YSOs) and (pre)protostellar condensations with the Australia Telescope Compact Array (ATCA). Our sample consisted of 13 class 0 protostars and 44 class I YSOs as well as 66 (pre)protostellar condensations. A single detection was obtained toward NGC 2024: FIR4 in the Orion B region. This is the first detection of a 6.7-GHz methanol maser in Orion. The nature of FIR4 has been a subject of debate with some evidence suggesting that it is a very cold high-mass (pre)protostellar condensation and others arguing that it is a low-mass YSO. The discovery of a methanol maser associated with this source is inconsistent with both of these hypotheses and we suggest that FIR4 probably harbours an intermediate- or high-mass YSO.
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/ApJS/196/9
- Title:
- 95GHz methanol maser survey toward GLIMPSE EGOs
- Short Name:
- J/ApJS/196/9
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- We report the results of a systematic survey for 95GHz class I methanol masers toward a new sample of 192 massive young stellar object candidates associated with ongoing outflows (known as extended green objects or EGOs) identified from the Spitzer Galactic Legacy Infrared Mid-Plane Survey Extraordinaire (GLIMPSE) survey. The observations were made with the Australia Telescope National Facility (ATNF) Mopra 22m radio telescope and resulted in the detection of 105 new 95GHz class I methanol masers. For 92 of the sources our observations provide the first identification of a class I maser transition associated with these objects (i.e., they are new class I methanol maser sources). Our survey proves that there is indeed a high detection rate (55%) of class I methanol masers toward EGOs. Comparison of the GLIMPSE point sources associated with EGOs with and without class I methanol maser detections shows that they have similar mid-IR colors, with the majority meeting the color selection criteria -0.6<[5.8]-[8.0]<1.4 and 0.5<[3.6]-[4.5]<4.0. Investigations of the Infrared Array Camera and Multiband Imaging Photometer for Spitzer 24um colors and the associated millimeter dust clump properties (mass and density) of the EGOs for the sub-samples based on the class of methanol masers they are associated with suggest that the stellar mass range associated with class I methanol masers extends to lower masses than for class II methanol masers, or alternatively class I methanol masers may be associated with more than one evolutionary phase during the formation of a high-mass star.
