- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/ApJ/654/240
- Title:
- Giant molecular clouds in M31
- Short Name:
- J/ApJ/654/240
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- We present Berkeley-Illinois-Maryland Association (BIMA) millimeter interferometer observations of giant molecular clouds (GMCs) along a spiral arm in M31. The observations consist of a survey using the compact configuration of the interferometer and follow-up, higher resolution observations on a subset of the detections in the survey. The data are processed using an analysis algorithm designed to extract GMCs and correct their derived properties for observational biases, thereby facilitating comparison with Milky Way data. The algorithm identifies 67 GMCs, of which 19 have a sufficient signal-to-noise ratio to accurately measure their properties. The GMCs in this portion of M31 are indistinguishable from those found in the Milky Way, having a similar size-line width relationship and distribution of virial parameters, confirming the results of previous, smaller studies. The velocity gradients and angular momenta of the GMCs are comparable to the values measured in M33 and the Milky Way, and in all cases are below expected values based on the local galactic shear. The studied region of M31 has an interstellar radiation field, metallicity, Toomre Q parameter, and midplane volume density similar to those of the inner Milky Way, so the similarity of GMC populations between the two systems is not surprising.
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- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/ApJS/149/343
- Title:
- Giant molecular clouds in M33
- Short Name:
- J/ApJS/149/343
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- We present the first interferometric ^12^CO (J=1->0) map of the entire H{alpha} disk of M33. The 13" diameter synthesized beam corresponds to a linear resolution of 50pc, sufficient to distinguish individual giant molecular clouds (GMCs). From these data we generated a catalog of 148 GMCs with an expectation that no more than 15 of the sources are spurious. The catalog is complete down to GMC masses of 1.5x10^5^M_{sun}_ and contains a total mass of 2.3x10^7^M_{sun}_.
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/ApJ/772/107
- Title:
- Giant molecular clouds in nearby galaxies
- Short Name:
- J/ApJ/772/107
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- We resolve 182 individual giant molecular clouds (GMCs) larger than 2.5x10^5^M_{sun}_ in the inner disks of 5 large nearby spiral galaxies (NGC 2403, NGC 3031, NGC 4736, NGC 4826, and NGC 6946) to create the largest such sample of extragalactic GMCs within galaxies analogous to the Milky Way. Using a conservatively chosen sample of GMCs most likely to adhere to the virial assumption, we measure cloud sizes, velocity dispersions, and ^12^CO(J=1-0) luminosities and calculate cloud virial masses. The average conversion factor from CO flux to H_2_ mass (or X_CO_) for each galaxy is 1-2x10^20^/cm2 (K.km/s)^-1^, all within a factor of two of the Milky Way disk value (~2x10^20^/cm2(K.km/s)^-1^). We find GMCs to be generally consistent within our errors between the galaxies and with Milky Way disk GMCs; the intrinsic scatter between clouds is of order a factor of two. Consistent with previous studies in the Local Group, we find a linear relationship between cloud virial mass and CO luminosity, supporting the assumption that the clouds in this GMC sample are gravitationally bound. We do not detect a significant population of GMCs with elevated velocity dispersions for their sizes, as has been detected in the Galactic center. Though the range of metallicities probed in this study is narrow, the average conversion factors of these galaxies will serve to anchor the high metallicity end of metallicity-X_CO_ trends measured using conversion factors in resolved clouds; this has been previously possible primarily with Milky Way measurements.
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/ApJ/803/16
- Title:
- Giant molecular clouds in NGC4526 based on ^12^CO
- Short Name:
- J/ApJ/803/16
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- We present a high spatial resolution (~20pc) of ^12^CO(2-1) observations of the lenticular galaxy NGC 4526. We identify 103 resolved giant molecular clouds (GMCs) and measure their properties: size R, velocity dispersion {sigma}_v_, and luminosity L. This is the first GMC catalog of an early-type galaxy. We find that the GMC population in NGC 4526 is gravitationally bound, with a virial parameter {alpha}~1. The mass distribution, dN/dM{propto}M^-2.39+/-0.03^, is steeper than that for GMCs in the inner Milky Way, but comparable to that found in some late-type galaxies. We find no size-line width correlation for the NGC 4526 clouds, in contradiction to the expectation from Larson's relation. In general, the GMCs in NGC 4526 are more luminous, denser, and have a higher velocity dispersion than equal-size GMCs in the Milky Way and other galaxies in the Local Group. These may be due to higher interstellar radiation field than in the Milky Way disk and weaker external pressure than in the Galactic center. In addition, a kinematic measurement of cloud rotation shows that the rotation is driven by the galactic shear. For the vast majority of the clouds, the rotational energy is less than the turbulent and gravitational energy, while the four innermost clouds are unbound and will likely be torn apart by the strong shear at the galactic center. We combine our data with the archival data of other galaxies to show that the surface density {Sigma} of GMCs is not approximately constant, as previously believed, but varies by ~3 orders of magnitude. We also show that the size and velocity dispersion of the GMC population across galaxies are related to the surface density, as expected from the gravitational and pressure equilibrium, i.e., {sigma}_v_R^-1/2^{propto}{Sigma}^1/2^.
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/ApJ/661/830
- Title:
- Giant molecular clouds of M33
- Short Name:
- J/ApJ/661/830
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- New observations of CO (J=1->0) line emission from M33, using the 25 element BEARS focal plane array at the Nobeyama Radio Observatory 45m telescope, in conjunction with existing maps from the BIMA interferometer and the FCRAO 14m telescope, give the highest resolution (13") and most sensitive ({sigma}_rms_~60mK) maps to date of the distribution of molecular gas in the central 5.5kpc of the galaxy. A new catalog of giant molecular clouds (GMCs) has a completeness limit of 1.3x10^5^M_{sun}_.
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/A+A/641/A53
- Title:
- Giant molecular filament GMF54 images
- Short Name:
- J/A+A/641/A53
- Date:
- 07 Mar 2022 07:18:57
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- Recent surveys of the Galactic plane in the dust continuum and CO emission lines reveal that large (>~50pc) and massive (>~10^5^M_{sun}_) filaments, know as giant molecular filaments (GMFs), may be linked to galactic dynamics and trace the mid-plane of the gravitational potential in the Milky Way. Yet our physical understanding of GMFs is still poor. We investigate the dense gas properties of one GMF, with the ultimate goal of connecting these dense gas tracers with star formation processes in the GMF. We have imaged one entire GMF located at l~52-54{deg} longitude, GMF54 (~68pc long), in the empirical dense gas tracers using the HCN(1-0), HNC(1-0), HCO^+^(1-0) lines, and their ^13^C isotopologue transitions, as well as the N_2_H^+^1-0) line. We study the dense gas distribution, the column density probability density functions (N-PDFs) and the line ratios within the GMF. The dense gas molecular transitions follow the extended structure of the filament with area filling factors between 0.06 and 0.28 with respect to ^13^CO(1-0). We constructed the N-PDFs of H_2_ for each of the dense gas tracers based on their column densities and assumed uniform abundance. The N-PDFs of the dense gas tracers appear curved in log-log representation, and the HCO^+^ NPDF has the largest log-normal width and flattest power-law slope index. Studying the N-PDFs for sub-regions of GMF54, we found an evolutionary trend in the N-PDFs that high-mass star forming and Photon Dominated Regions (PDRs) have flatter power-law indices. The integrated intensity ratios of the molecular lines in GMF54 are comparable to those in nearby galaxies. In particular, the N_2_H^+^/^13^CO ratio, which traces the dense gas fraction, has similar values in GMF54 and all nearby galaxies except Ultraluminous Infrared Galaxies (ULIRGs). As the largest coherent cold gaseous structure in our Milky Way, GMFs, are outstanding candidates for connecting studies of star formation on Galactic and extragalactic scales. By analyzing a complete map of the dense gas in a GMF we have found that: (1) the dense gas N-PDFs appear flatter in more evolved regions and steeper in younger regions, and (2) its integrated dense gas intensity ratios are similar to those of nearby galaxies.
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/A+A/590/A131
- Title:
- Giant molecular filaments in the Milky Way
- Short Name:
- J/A+A/590/A131
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- Filamentary structures are common morphological features of the cold, molecular interstellar medium (ISM). Recent studies have discovered massive, hundred-parsec-scale filaments that may be connected to the large-scale, Galactic spiral arm structure. Addressing the nature of these giant molecular filaments (GMFs) requires a census of their occurrence and properties. We perform a systematic search of GMFs in the fourth Galactic quadrant and determine their basic physical properties. We perform a systematic search of GMFs in the fourth Galactic quadrant and determine their basic physical properties. Methods. We identify GMFs based on their dust extinction signatures in the near- and mid-infrared and the velocity structure probed by ^13^CO line emission. We use the ^13^CO line emission and ATLASGAL dust emission data to estimate the total and dense gas masses of the GMFs. We combine our sample with an earlier sample from literature and study the Galactic environment of the GMFs.
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/A+A/634/A139
- Title:
- Giant Molecular Filament THOR datacubes
- Short Name:
- J/A+A/634/A139
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- Molecular clouds form from the atomic phase of the interstellar medium. However, characterizing the transition between the atomic and the molecular interstellar medium (ISM) is a complex observational task. Here we address cloud formation processes by combining HI self absorption (HISA) with molecular line data. Column density probability density functions (N-PDFs) are a common tool for examining molecular clouds. One scenario proposed by numerical simulations is that the N-PDF evolves from a log-normal shape at early times to a power-law-like shape at later times. To date, investigations of N-PDFs have been mostly limited to the molecular component of the cloud. In this paper, we study the cold atomic component of the giant molecular filament GMF38.1-32.4a (GMF38a, distance=3.4kpc, length~230pc), calculate its N-PDFs, and study its kinematics. We identify an extended HISA feature, which is partly correlated with the ^13^CO emission. The peak velocities of the HISA and 13CO observations agree well on the eastern side of the filament, whereas a velocity offset of approximately 4km/s is found on the western side. The sonic Mach number we derive from the linewidth measurements shows that a large fraction of the HISA, which is ascribed to the cold neutral medium (CNM), is at subsonic and transonic velocities. The column density of the CNM part is on the order of 10^20^ to 10^21^cm^-2^. The column density of molecular hydrogen, traced by ^13^CO, is an order of magnitude higher. The N-PDFs from HISA (CNM), HI emission (the warm and cold neutral medium), and 13CO (molecular component) are well described by log-normal functions, which is in agreement with turbulent motions being the main driver of cloud dynamics. The N-PDF of the molecular component also shows a power law in the high column-density region, indicating self-gravity. We suggest that we are witnessing two different evolutionary stages within the filament. The eastern subregion seems to be forming a molecular cloud out of the atomic gas, whereas the western subregion already shows high column density peaks, active star formation, and evidence of related feedback processes.
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/other/Galax/9.99
- Title:
- Giant Radio Galaxies in RACS
- Short Name:
- J/other/Galax/9.
- Date:
- 22 Feb 2022
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- We report the results of a visual inspection of images of the Rapid ASKAP Continuum Survey (RACS) in search of extended radio galaxies (ERG) that reach or exceed linear sizes on the order of one Megaparsec. We searched a contiguous area of 1059deg^2^ from RA=20h20m to 06h20m, and -50{deg}<Dec<-40{deg} which is covered by deep multi-band optical images of the Dark Energy Survey (DES), and in which previously only three ERGs larger than 1Mpc had been reported. For over 1800 radio galaxy candidates inspected, our search in optical and infrared images resulted in hosts for 1440 ERG, for which spectroscopic and photometric redshifts from various references were used to convert their largest angular size (LAS) to projected linear size (LLS). This resulted in 178 newly discovered giant radio sources (GRS) with LLS>1Mpc, of which 18 exceed 2Mpc and the largest one is 3.4Mpc. Their redshifts range from 0.02 to about 2.0, but only 10 of the 178 new GRS have spectroscopic redshifts. For the 146 host galaxies the median r-band magnitude and redshift are 20.9 and 0.64, while for the 32 quasars or candidates these are 19.7 and 0.75. Merging the six most recent large compilations of GRS results in 458 GRS larger than 1Mpc, so we were able to increase this number by about 39 per cent to now 636.
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/ApJS/253/25
- Title:
- Giant radio quasars from SDSS, FIRST & NVSS
- Short Name:
- J/ApJS/253/25
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- We present the largest sample of giant radio quasars (GRQs), which are defined as having a projected linear size greater than 0.7Mpc. The sample consists of 272 GRQs, of which 174 are new objects discovered through cross-matching the NRAO Very Large Array Sky Survey and the Sloan Digital Sky Survey 14th Data Release Quasar Catalog (DR14Q) and confirmed using Faint Images of the Radio Sky at Twenty-Centimeters (FIRST) radio maps. In our analysis we compare the GRQs with 367 smaller, lobe-dominated radio quasars found using our search method, as well as with quasars from the SDSS DR14Q, investigating the parameters characterizing their radio emission (i.e., total and core radio luminosity, radio core prominence), optical properties (black hole masses, accretion rates, distribution in Eigenvector 1 plane) and infrared colors. For the GRQs and smaller radio quasars we find a strong correlation between [OIII] luminosity and radio luminosity at 1.4GHz, indicating a strong connection between radio emission and conditions in the narrow-line region. We spot no significant differences between GRQs and smaller radio quasars, however we show that most extended radio quasars belong to a quasar population of evolved active galactic nuclei with large black hole masses and low accretion rates. We also show that GRQs have bluer W2-W3 colors compared to SDSS quasars with FIRST detections, indicating differences in the structure of the dusty torus.
