- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/ApJ/710/764
- Title:
- Extended radio emission in MOJAVE blazars
- Short Name:
- J/ApJ/710/764
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- We present the results of a study on the kiloparsec-scale radio emission in the complete flux density limited MOJAVE sample, comprising 135 radio-loud active galactic nuclei. New 1.4GHz Very Large Array (VLA) radio images of six quasars and previously unpublished images of 21 blazars are presented, along with an analysis of the high-resolution (VLA A-array) 1.4GHz emission for the entire sample. While extended emission is detected in the majority of the sources, about 7% of the sources exhibit only radio core emission. We expect more sensitive radio observations, however, to detect faint emission in these sources, as we have detected in the erstwhile "core-only" source, 1548+056. The kiloparsec-scale radio morphology varies widely across the sample. Many BL Lac objects exhibit extended radio power and kiloparsec-scale morphology typical of powerful FRII jets, while a substantial number of quasars possess radio powers intermediate between FRIs and FRIIs.
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- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/MNRAS/490/5063
- Title:
- Extended sources in SCORPIO at 2.1GHz
- Short Name:
- J/MNRAS/490/5063
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- We present a catalogue of a large sample of extended radio sources in the Stellar Continuum Originating from Radio Physics In Ourgalaxy (SCORPIO) field, observed and resolved by the Australia Telescope Compact Array. SCORPIO, a pathfinder project for addressing the early operations of the Australia SKA Pathfinder, is a survey of ~5 square degrees between 1.4 and 3.1GHz, centred at l=343.5{deg}, b=0.75{deg}, and with an angular resolution of about 10 arcsec. It is aimed at understanding the scientific and technical challenges to be faced by future Galactic surveys. With a mean sensitivity around 100uJy/beam and the possibility to recover angular scales at least up to 4 arcmin, we extracted 99 extended sources, 35 of them detected for the first time. Among the 64 known sources 55 had at least a tentative classification in literature. Studying the radio morphology and comparing the radio emission with infrared we propose as candidates six new HII regions, two new planetary nebulae, two new luminous blue variable or Wolf-Rayet stars, and three new supernova remnants. This study provides an overview of the potentiality of future radio surveys in terms of Galactic source extraction and characterization and a discussion on the difficulty to reduce and analyse interferometric data on the Galactic plane.
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/A+A/628/A56
- Title:
- Extragalactic MHz Peaked Sources at mas scales
- Short Name:
- J/A+A/628/A56
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- Extragalactic peaked-spectrum radio sources are thought to be the progenitors of larger, radio-loud active galactic nuclei (AGN). Synchrotron self-absorption (SSA) has often been identified as the cause of their spectral peak. The identification of new megahertz-peaked spectrum sources from the GaLactic and Extragalactic All-sky Murchison Widefield Array (GLEAM) survey provides an opportunity to test how radio sources with spectral peaks below 1GHz fit within this evolutionary picture. We observed six peaked-spectrum sources selected from the GLEAM survey, three that have spectral characteristics which violate SSA and three that have spectral peaks below 230MHz, with the Very Long Baseline Array at 1.55 and 4.96 GHz. We present milliarcsecond resolution images of each source and constrain their morphology, linear size, luminosity, and magnetic field strength. Of the sources that are resolved by our study, the sources that violate SSA appear to be compact doubles, while the sources with peak frequencies below 230MHz have core-jet features. We find that all of our sources are smaller than expected from SSA by factors of >~20. We also find that component magnetic field strengths calculated from SSA are likely inaccurate, differing by factors of >~5 from equipartition estimates. The calculated equipartition magnetic field strengths more closely resemble estimates from previously studied gigahertz-peaked spectrum sources. Exploring a model of the interaction between jets and the interstellar medium, we demonstrate that free-free absorption (FFA) can accurately describe the linear sizes and peak frequencies of our sources. Our findings support the theory that there is a fraction of peaked-spectrum sources whose spectral peaks are best modelled by FFA, implying our understanding of the early stages of radio AGN is incomplete.
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/ApJ/836/174
- Title:
- Extragalactic peaked-spectrum radio sources
- Short Name:
- J/ApJ/836/174
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- We present a sample of 1483 sources that display spectral peaks between 72MHz and 1.4GHz, selected from the GaLactic and Extragalactic All-sky Murchison Widefield Array (GLEAM) survey. The GLEAM survey is the widest fractional bandwidth all-sky survey to date, ideal for identifying peaked-spectrum sources at low radio frequencies. Our peaked-spectrum sources are the low-frequency analogs of gigahertz-peaked spectrum (GPS) and compact-steep spectrum (CSS) sources, which have been hypothesized to be the precursors to massive radio galaxies. Our sample more than doubles the number of known peaked-spectrum candidates, and 95% of our sample have a newly characterized spectral peak. We highlight that some GPS sources peaking above 5GHz have had multiple epochs of nuclear activity, and we demonstrate the possibility of identifying high-redshift (z>2) galaxies via steep optically thin spectral indices and low observed peak frequencies. The distribution of the optically thick spectral indices of our sample is consistent with past GPS/CSS samples but with a large dispersion, suggesting that the spectral peak is a product of an inhomogeneous environment that is individualistic. We find no dependence of observed peak frequency with redshift, consistent with the peaked-spectrum sample comprising both local CSS sources and high-redshift GPS sources. The 5GHz luminosity distribution lacks the brightest GPS and CSS sources of previous samples, implying that a convolution of source evolution and redshift influences the type of peaked-spectrum sources identified below 1GHz.
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/ApJ/559/864
- Title:
- Extragalactic ultracompact H II regions
- Short Name:
- J/ApJ/559/864
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- We report on the detection of optically thick free-free radio sources in the galaxies M33, NGC 253, and NGC 6946 using data in the literature. We interpret these sources as being young embedded star birth regions that are likely to be clusters of ultracompact H II regions. All 35 of the sources presented in this article have positive radio spectral indices ({alpha}>0 for S_{nu}_){prop.to}{nu}^{alpha}^), suggesting an optically thick thermal bremsstrahlung origin from the H II region surrounding the hot stars.
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/ApJ/875/80
- Title:
- Faint radio sources in GOODS-N and -S. I. VLA 5GHz
- Short Name:
- J/ApJ/875/80
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- We present the first results from the deep and wide 5GHz radio observations of the Great Observatories Origins Deep Survey (GOODS)-North ({sigma}=3.5{mu}Jy/beam, synthesized beam size {theta}=1.47"x1.42", and 52 sources over 109arcmin^2^) and GOODS-South ({sigma}=3.0{mu}Jy/beam, {theta}=0.98"x0.45", and 88 sources over 190arcmin^2^) fields using the Karl G. Jansky Very Large Array. We derive radio spectral indices {alpha} between 1.4 and 5GHz using the beam-matched images and show that the overall spectral index distribution is broad even when the measured noise and flux bias are considered. We also find a clustering of faint radio sources around {alpha}=0.8, but only within S_5GHz_<150{mu}Jy. We demonstrate that the correct radio spectral index is important for deriving accurate rest-frame radio power and analyzing the radio-FIR correlation, and adopting a single value of {alpha}=0.8 leads to a significant scatter and a strong bias in the analysis of the radio-FIR correlation, resulting from the broad and asymmetric spectral index distribution. When characterized by specific star formation rates, the starburst population (58%) dominates the 5GHz radio source population, and the quiescent galaxy population (30%) follows a distinct trend in spectral index distribution and the radio-FIR correlation. Lastly, we offer suggestions on sensitivity and angular resolution for future ultra-deep surveys designed to trace the cosmic history of star formation and AGN activity using radio continuum as a probe.
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/A+A/654/A5
- Title:
- Faraday cubes Fields A B and C
- Short Name:
- J/A+A/654/A5
- Date:
- 22 Feb 2022
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- Faraday tomography of a field centred on the extragalactic point source 3C 196 with the LOw Frequency ARray (LOFAR) revealed an intertwined structure of diffuse polarised emission with straight depolarisation canals and tracers of the magnetized and multi-phase interstellar medium (ISM), such as dust and line emission from atomic hydrogen (HI). This study aims at extending the multi-tracer analysis of LOFAR data to three additional fields in the surroundings of the 3C 196 field. For the first time, we study the three-dimensional structure of the LOFAR emission by determining the distance to the depolarisation canals. We use the Rolling Hough Transform to compare the orientation of the depolarisation canals with that of the filamentary structure seen in HI and, based on starlight and dust polarisation data, with that of the plane-of-the-sky magnetic field. Stellar parallaxes from Gaia complement the starlight polarisation with the corresponding distances. Faraday tomography of the three fields shows a rich network of diffuse polarised emission at Faraday depths between -10rad/m^2^ and +15rad/m^2^. A complex system of straight depolarisation canals resembles that of the 3C 196 field. The depolarisation canals align both with the HI filaments and with the magnetic field probed by dust. The observed alignment suggests that an ordered magnetic field organises the multiphase ISM over a large area (~20{deg}). In one field, two groups of stars at distances below and above 200pc, respectively, show distinct magnetic-field orientations. These are both comparable with the orientations of the depolarisation canals in the same field. We conclude that the depolarisation canals likely trace the same change of the magnetic field as probed by the stars, which corresponds to the edge of the Local Bubble.
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/ApJ/722/L7
- Title:
- Fermi/LAT detected MOJAVE AGNs
- Short Name:
- J/ApJ/722/L7
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- We report the detection of a non-zero time delay between radio emission measured by the VLBA at 15.4GHz and {gamma}-ray radiation ({gamma}-ray leads radio) registered by the Large Area Telescope (LAT) on board the Fermi Gamma-Ray Space Telescope for a sample of 183 radio and {gamma}-ray bright active galactic nuclei. For the correlation analysis, we used 0.1-100GeV {gamma}-ray photon fluxes, taken from monthly binned measurements from the first Fermi LAT catalog (1FGL; Abdo et al. 2010, Cat. J/ApJS/188/405), and 15.4GHz radio flux densities from the MOJAVE VLBA program (Lister et al. 2009, Cat. J/AJ/137/3718). The correlation is most pronounced if the core flux density is used, strongly indicating that the {gamma}-ray emission is generated within the compact region of the 15GHz VLBA core. Determining the Pearson's r and Kendall's {tau} correlation coefficients for different time lags, we find that for the majority of sources the radio/{gamma}-ray delay ranges from 1 to 8 months in the observer's frame and peaks at approximately 1.2 months in the source's frame. We interpret the primary source of the time delay to be synchrotron opacity in the nuclear region.
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/A+A/626/A60
- Title:
- F-GAMMA 2.64-43GHz radio data over 2007-2015
- Short Name:
- J/A+A/626/A60
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- The advent of the Fermi gamma-ray space telescope with its superb sensitivity, energy range, and unprecedented capability to monitor the entire 4{pi} sky within less than 2-3 h, introduced a new standard in time domain gamma-ray astronomy. Among several breakthroughs, Fermi has - for the first time - made it possible to investigate, with high cadence, the variability of the broadband spectral energy distribution (SED), especially for active galactic nuclei (AGN). This is necessary for understanding the emission and variability mechanisms in such systems. To explore this new avenue of extragalactic physics the Fermi-GST AGN Multi-frequency Monitoring Alliance (F-GAMMA) programme undertook the task of conducting nearly monthly, broadband radio monitoring of selected blazars, which is the dominant population of the extragalactic gamma-ray sky, from January 2007 to January 2015. In this work we release all the multi-frequency light curves from 2.64 to 43 GHz and first order derivative data products after all necessary post-measurement corrections and quality checks. Along with the demanding task to provide the radio part of the broadband SED in monthly intervals, the F-GAMMA programme was also driven by a series of well-defined fundamental questions immediately relevant to blazar physics. On the basis of the monthly sampled radio SEDs, the F-GAMMA aimed at quantifying and understanding the possible multiband correlation and multi-frequency radio variability, spectral evolution and the associated emission, absorption and variability mechanisms. The location of the gamma-ray production site and the correspondence of structural evolution to radio variability have been among the fundamental aims of the programme. Finally, the programme sought to explore the characteristics and dynamics of the multi-frequency radio linear and circular polarisation. The F-GAMMA ran two main and tightly coordinated observing programmes. The Effelsberg 100 m telescope programme monitoring 2.64, 4.85, 8.35, 10.45, 14.6, 23.05, 32, and 43 GHz, and the IRAM 30 m telescope programme observing at 86.2, 142.3, and 228.9 GHz. The nominal cadence was one month for a total of roughly 60 blazars and targets of opportunity. In a less regular manner the F-GAMMA programme also ran an occasional monitoring with the APEX 12 m telescope at 345 GHz. We only present the Effelsberg dataset in this paper. The higher frequencies data are released elsewhere. The current release includes 155 sources that have been observed at least once by the F-GAMMA programme. That is, the initial sample, the revised sample after the first Fermi release, targets of opportunity, and sources observed in collaboration with a monitoring programme following up on Planck satellite observations. For all these sources we release all the quality-checked Effelsberg multi-frequency light curves. The suite of post-measurement corrections and flagging and a thorough system diagnostic study and error analysis is discussed as an assessment of the data reliability. We also release data products such as flux density moments and spectral indices. The effective cadence after the quality flagging is around one radio SED every 1.3 months. The coherence of each radio SED is around 40 min. The released dataset includes more than 3x104 measurements for some 155 sources over a broad range of frequencies from 2.64 GHz to 43 GHz obtained between 2007 and 2015. The median fractional error at the lowest frequencies (2.64-10.45 GHz) is below 2%. At the highest frequencies (14.6-43 GHz) with limiting factor of the atmospheric conditions, the errors range from 3% to 9%, respectively.
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/ApJS/217/4
- Title:
- 2FGL sources observed between 5-9GHz
- Short Name:
- J/ApJS/217/4
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- We present the results of an all-sky radio survey between 5 and 9GHz of sky areas surrounding all unassociated {gamma}-ray objects listed in the Fermi Large Area Telescope Second Source Catalog (2FGL). The goal of these observations is to find all new {gamma}-ray active galactic nucleus (AGN) associations with radio sources >10mJy at 8GHz. We observed with the Very Large Array and the Australia Telescope Compact Array the areas around unassociated sources, providing localizations of weak radio point sources found in 2FGL fields at arcmin scales. Then we followed-up a subset of those with the Very Long Baseline and the Long Baseline Arrays to confirm detections of radio emission on parsec-scales. We quantified association probabilities based on known statistics of source counts and assuming a uniform distribution of background sources. In total we found 865 radio sources at arcsec scales as candidates for association and detected 95 of 170 selected for follow-up observations at milliarcsecond resolution. Based on this we obtained firm associations for 76 previously unknown {gamma}-ray AGNs. Comparison of these new AGN associations with the predictions from using the Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer color-color diagram shows that half of the associations are missed. We found that 129 out of 588 observed {gamma}-ray sources at arcmin scales not a single radio continuum source was detected above our sensitivity limit within the 3{sigma} {gamma}-ray localization. These "empty" fields were found to be particularly concentrated at low Galactic latitudes. The nature of these Galactic {gamma}-ray emitters is not yet determined.